Elements and basic protocols of NGN networking.

Merezheva security

The level of keruvannya switches and transmits keruvannya installations connected to a fragment of the NGN network.

The function of installing a connection is only implemented at the level of the elements of the transport barrier under the external installation of a softswitch.
The culprit is an automatic telephone exchange with MGC functions, which establishes commutation as an element of the transport network.
The rotten switch is guilty of causing:

processing of all types of signaling that are supported by your domain;

saving and storing subscriber data of clients who connect to your domain directly or through access gateways;

Interaction with program servers to provide an expanded list of services to merchants.

When the switch hardware is installed, signaling exchanges with the functional elements of the switching control layer.

Small

1. Scheme of switching on NGN access control switches

The terminal possesses a packet layer interconnecting with the possession of a network switch with the following protocols: SIP and H.323.

The client's information from the terminal goes to the level of access nodes of the packet network and is then routed under the control of the network switch.

It is important that the most important term for the NGN concept is “softswitch” (possibly translated into Russian as “gnuchky switch” or “soft switch”), which was introduced by Lucent Technologies in 1999. as the name of the software and hardware solution for managing clicks in ATM and IP networks.
The switch is the main and main component of any device of the next generation NGN of the first version.
At its core, softswitch is a computing device with advanced software and a high level of availability.
However, despite the presence of the word “switch” in the name, it really does not limit the functions that are switched.
Softswitch has received a lot of control over connections that were previously equipped with its predecessor - the gatekeeper GK (GateKeeper) according to the H.323 standard, which is used for servicing multimedia connections in its area coverage.
Managing calls within the NGN network typically includes call routing, customer authentication, connection installation and disconnection, alarms and other tasks.
As an intermediary, the digital switch is responsible for “misunderstanding” both signaling protocols in telephone networks and protocols for controlling the transmission of information in packet networks.
- function of operation, management (administration), technical maintenance and information supply OAM&P (Operation, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning).

Additionally, the following functions can be implemented in the installed switch switch:
- function of the end/transit signaling point SP/STP (Signaling Point/Signaling Transfer Point) of the SS No. 7 barrier;
- function of interaction with add-on servers;
- function of the SSP (Service Switching Point) service switching node of the intelligent network and others.

Until the category of digital switches, there are differences in the functionality of the solution, and there is still no clear classification.

So, some of the developers, experts and operators using the “softswitch” product understand the media gateway controller MGW (Media Gateway Controller) or the call server device CA (Call Agent) or the call server CS (Call Server).

Regardless of all their responsibilities, they concede the main function of the network switch: implemented in a software way to manage connections for transmitting traffic to clients at the NGN edge, either through gateways or directly new from packaged subscriber devices.

On the other side, often before the warehouse of the proprietary solution of the digital switch, the controller/control device/server includes various gateway equipment: media gateways, signaling gateways, SIP proxy servers, authentication servers, authorization and area Iku AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting) and .
One of the possible functional diagrams of a flexible switch is shown in Fig.
1.6.
- packet terminals intended for operation in NGN networks (SIP and H.323 terminals, as well as IP-PBX);
- terminals not intended for operation in NGN networks (analog and ISDN terminals) and residential access gateways that are connected through the equipment;
- possession of an access barrier not designated for operation in NGN networks (hubs with V5 interface) and access gateways that are connected through the possession;
- a device that supports primary access (PBX) and access gateways that are connected through the device;
- PSTN connections, which are serviced through the auxiliary signaling of SS No. 7 with the inclusion of signal lanes of SS No. 7, either directly into the network switch (as the switch implements the functions of a signaling gateway), or through the possession of signaling gateways;
- other switchboards that are serviced by secondary signaling systems SIP-T and SIP-I.

2. Reliability.
The options for reliability before owning a digital switch are characterized by the average load on the device, the average update hour, the availability factor, and the service term.

3. Improved protocols.
The installation of a digital switch can support the following types of protocols:
1) When interacting with the main fragments of the PSTN network:
- seamless interaction: signaling protocol SS No. 7 with MTP, ISUP and SCCP subsystems;
- interaction through signaling gateways: SIGTRAN signaling protocol with adaptation levels: M2UA, M3UA, M2PA, SUA - transmission of SS No. 7 signaling via a packet network, V5UA - transmission of signaling information to the V5 interface via a packet network, IUA - transmission of signaling ї DSS1 information first access ISDN through a package border;
- MEGACO/H.248 signaling protocol for information transfer, which can be used by alarm systems via visible signal channels (2ВСК).
2) When interacting with terminal equipment:
- seamless interaction with terminal equipment of packet networks: SIP and H.323 protocols;
- interaction with gateway equipment, which ensures connection of PSTN terminal equipment: MEGACO/H.248 signaling protocol - for transmitting signaling information to analog subscriber lines;
SIGTRAN signaling protocol with peer adaptation of IUA transmission of DSS1 signaling information to ISDN basic access.
3) When interacting with other network switches: SIP-T and SIP-I protocols.
5) When interacting with add-on servers: none of the interactions with add-on servers must be based on intra-company protocols, which are based on JAVA, XML, SIP and other technologies.
6) When interacting with transport gateways:
- for gateways that support IP or IP/ATM transport: H.248, MGCP, IPDC and other protocols;
for gateways that support ATM transport: BICC.

4. Improved interfaces.
The installation of a flexible switch supports the following types of interfaces:
- E1 interface (2048 kbit/s) for connecting alarm lines of SS No. 7, which is connected directly to the digital switch;
- interfaces of the Ethernet family for connecting a network switch to a packet network;
- Open interfaces for interaction with external application platforms: JAIN, PARLAY, etc.

Structurally, a flexible switch can be implemented in an adjacent structure that combines the functions of a switching fabric.

Often, softswitch developers divide it into two or more devices - a gateway controller, a SG (Signalling Gateway) and a MGW media gateway.

All switches (softswitches) are divided into two classes: class 4 and class 5. This division is taken by analogy with the classification of switching nodes, which has been historically Yes, on the telephone lines there is a link to Pivnichnoy America.

On these routes, transit switching nodes without direct connection of subscriber lines (such as international and inter-city telephone exchanges and transit switching nodes on local routes) are connected to class 4 nodes. All nodes with subscriber connections must be up to class 5.

Based on this approach, the class 4 switch is intended for organizing a transit node for managing connections in operator networks with packet switching.

______________________________________
Effective routing and distribution of clicks in IP boundaries on the backbone (international/international/local) level, ensuring transit traffic that is captured by the boundary segments behind the subscriber's adventures

The fundamental advantage of class 5 switches is the ability to work directly with end subscribers to provide basic telephone and multimedia services, as well as additional types of services such as intelligence Alternate routing of clicks depends on the subscriber’s availability, call recovery, call recovery and forwarding, three-way conferences, parking and click hoarding, large groups of subscribers, etc.

The materials presented in this section are taken from the book “Multiservice Platforms for the Next Generation NGN”, ed.

A.V.

The main difference between the new generation of measures and traditional measures is that all the information that circulates at the edge is divided into two warehouses.

This is signal information that ensures the switching of subscribers and the delivery of services, and directly the data of the operator, which is responsible for the importance assigned to the subscriber (voice, video, data).

The routes for passing signal signals and navantazhenya koristuvach may not be avoided.

NGN services are based on Internet technologies including protocol and MPLS technology.

To date, a number of approaches to the implementation of IP-telephony have been developed, established by the ITU-T and IETF organizations: H.323, SIP and MGCP

H.323

The first approach to the provision of IP telephony on a standardized basis as recommended by the International Telecommunications Union in recommendation H.323.

Measures based on H.323 protocols are oriented towards integration with telephone networks and can be seen as an overlay of a data network over an ISDN network.

For example, the procedure for establishing connections between these barriers is based on ITU-T Recommendation Q.931.

SIP
Initially, preference was given to the H.323 protocol, but after low problems with NAT traversal and “local loop” were identified, the SIP protocol became increasingly stagnant.
Currently, the SIP protocol is widely used for providing VoIP services.

One of the most important features of the SIP protocol is its independence from transport technologies.

MGCP

The third method of NGN merging is associated with the principle of gateway decomposition.

In the IMS architecture, the soft switch is called MGCF and is responsible for interfacing the packet switching layer with the circuit switching layer.

Transition to NGN

Currently, the problem of transition from traditional circuit switching to packet switching (NGN) is one of the most pressing communication operators. Promising developments in the field of IP communications related to the development of complex solutions that allow, during the development of the current generation, to save essential connections and ensure uninterrupted work in any mode of telephone access y: on the infrastructure of copper pairs, optical channels, droneless (WiMAX, WiFi ) and dart (ETTH, PLC, etc.) lines. Continuing to the concept

"unbreakable" transition to NGN
, Such solutions will allow a precise transfer of edge segments of the new technology without a fundamental change in the entire structure of the boundary.
Zokrema, decided for a “unbreakable” transition to NGN, is guilty of the following consequences:
integration into the operator’s core network, support for both new transport technologies and the core management model;
completely modular architecture with the possibility of geographic division and redundancy;

the possibility of greatly increasing productivity by adding licenses and adding them to the server system;

the possibility of introducing new types of services in minimal terms;

compliance with the law on boundary architecture.

First of all, the concept of transition from channel switching to packet switching to soft switch arrangements, and beyond to IMS architecture arrangements, is clear.

Virobniki obladnannya

Among the manufacturers that have the capabilities for next-generation connection (NGN) are such great lighting vendors as: Alcatel-Lucent, Avaya, Cisco Systems, Huawei, Siemens, etc. One of the largest Russian NGN solution providers is the MFI Software company. Posilannya
Dmitro Chizhikov
Multiservice measures of the new generation: market consumption, principles, monitoring.
www.iksmedia.ru (13 February 2008).

Archived from Pershogerela on September 6, 2012. Revised 5 June 2012.

(Russian)

2010 .
A quick look at IMS architecture

IMS forum (English)

New development of the 3GPP IMS specification (English) Notes

New development of the 3GPP IMS specification (English)- we can say: Las siglas de Next Generation Networking (Red de la próxima generación).

New development of the 3GPP IMS specification (English) El codi ISO 4217 para la divisa de Nigeria, el naira.

New development of the 3GPP IMS specification (English) El codi IATA para el airport civil de Narganá, Panamá.

New development of the 3GPP IMS specification (English) Esta... Wikipedia Español

New development of the 3GPP IMS specification (English)- Cette page d'homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom.

Sigles d'une seule lettre Sigles de deux lettres > Sigles de trois lettres - This is a breakdown of the sides of the sheets articles associated with the same title. As the international link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

NGN can be used in many ways: Next Generation Networking, b ... Wikipedia

- Die Abkürzung NGN steht für: Naira, Währung Nigerias, als Währungscode nach ISO 4217 Netz gegen Nazis, ein Internetportal der Amadeu Antonio

- In exchanges, this means a release for Nigeria Naira.

The Minimal Market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the greatest financial market in the world, with the largest value over US $1 trillion... Investment dictionary At NGN, the connection between the systems is carried out along the line “koristuvach - merezha”, as a result, an understanding emerged transport and access barriers

. The NGN transport fence is a collection of fence elements that ensure the transmission of traffic. An access barrier is a set of barrier elements that ensure subscribers’ access to the resources of a transport barrier for the provision of services.

Small 14. Structure of the NGN mesh The NGN model reflects current trends in the development of communication systems.

In addition to the levels considered in the previous section, the level of transport and the level of access to the current NGN model have been added two more levels: a control level, a commutation level and a service level. In this way, the NGN border can be represented by equal ranks:· Rive of access

(Access) will ensure access for clients to the resources of the network;

The control level and the switching level are connected with the development of the concept of alarm systems. This concept is similar to the GKS No. 7 system, in which the development of communication systems was transferred for the first time in the history

under the main and signaling traffic.

Further development of this concept of messages directly from computer phones.

The concept of computer telephony is fundamentally different from VoIP telephony.

Computer telephony is associated with the transformation of signal messages, since VoIP telephony transmits the computer or VoIP terminal as a telephone.

The development of computer telephony led to the concept of Softswitch, and then the concept of interconnection at the level of mobile and drone management (IMS concept).

The NGN revolution comes down to the Softswitch (software switch) and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) technologies, which brought switching problems to the forefront of NGN.

One of the most important benefits of NGN transport measures is the ability to transmit a variety of traffic.

The emergence of a growing number of services was associated with the deep penetration of current marketing ideas into the telecommunications sector.

NGN has replaced the vector of development of communication systems to increase the range of services.

Softswitch

Softswitch (software switch) - a flexible software switch, one of the main elements of the control level of the next generation NGN

Small

15. Softswitch at the Merezha warehouse Z'vyazku Zagalnogo Koristuvannya

Softswitch is a device for servicing the NGN network, clicking and strengthening the functions of servicing connections via the switching function, serving a large number of subscribers and interacting with add-on servers, etc. The most demanding standards.

SoftSwitch has intelligent IP network capabilities, coordinates call service, alarms, and functions to ensure connection is established through one or more networks.

ABSTRACT

“NGN – MEASURES OF THE OFFENSIVE GENERATION

MY FIRST ENEMY”

Vikonav: Le Chan Dik

Group: Mt-95

Saint Petersburg

1. What is NGN

2. NGN architecture

SoftSwitch has intelligent IP network capabilities, coordinates call service, alarms, and functions to ensure connection is established through one or more networks.

2.1 Level 3 scheme

2.2 Functions of peers

The current situation in the market for infocommunication services is changing: they are overwhelmed by the number of client interfaces, border balls and are controlled by a large number of control systems.

Moreover, the skin service fails to create its own moisture barrier, resulting in high operational costs for the skin service, which does not correspond to unreasonable success and lead to the creation of a folding border with thin balls and low economy.

With the evolution to a clear boundary, the main tasks are simplified measures - the price of the market and technology.
High operational costs require operators to find solutions that simplify operation, saving the possibility of creating new services and ensuring the stability of existing revenue streams such as existing services.
The nuances of the problem are noted, as well as the growing competition that drives companies to improve business efficiency and the flexibility of management that transfers such activities:
Creation of a single information center of enterprise.
Formation of divisions of visionary and flexible multi-service corporate networks.
Optimization of the IT infrastructure.
Vikoristannya of current services keruvannya vyklikami.
Availability of multiservice services.

Real-time service management.

Supporting mobile customers
Monitoring the quality of services and work of edge management.
The need for communication operators to keep track of all new revenues is pressing on them to think about strategic measures in order to realize potential opportunities:
It will be easier and cheaper to create new services in order to steadily attract new subscribers.

Replace the amount spent on maintenance and support for employees.

Independence from telecommunications installation providers.

To be competitive: liberalization in the information and communication industry and advances in new technologies have led to the emergence of new operators and service providers that offer cheaper and a wide range of services. This is where the concept of “advanced/new generation limit” (NGN) comes into play. I measure, so that I would optimally satisfy the operators’ profits from the displaced income.

So what is the next generation of NGN? Measures of the coming generation concept

wake up the link to ensure: Tribute

- unbound set of services functions of supplying services to the end intermediate assemblies

- Integration from traditional stitching.

What is the essence of the idea of the NGN measure?

The secret idea of the NGN measure is given:

Ø Any infocommunication service

Ø What time is it?

Ø At any point there is space

1.2 Fundamental characteristics-characteristics

The NGN mereja is characterized by the following fundamental features:

Inspired by the principles of packet switching;
- Separate functions for managing connections from the transmission medium, calls from the session, and add-ons from the service;
- Strengthening the control surface for services in the transport infrastructure, providing critical interfaces;
- support for a wide range of services, add-ons and mechanisms based on unified elements (including real-time services, time-lapse services, streaming and multimedia services);
- wide range of possibilities due to thorough implementation of QoS;
- Interaction with essential measures using additional closed interfaces;
- mobility has a wide meaning;
- non-existent access between employees and other postal employees;
- Variety of identification schemes;
- however, there are new characteristics for services that are perceived as one and the same;
- convergence of fixed and mobile measures;
independence of functions associated with the service, such as lower (in the 7th generation OSI model) transport technologies;
- Support for various technologies of the “remaining mile”;
- compliance with all regulatory requirements, for example, for emergency communications, information protection, confidentiality, etc.

1.3 NGN: principles, benefits, possibilities

The NGN concept is based on the idea of creating a universal network that would allow transferring any types of information, such as language, video, audio, graphics, etc., and also ensure the ability to transfer data to an unbounded spectrum infocommunication services.

The basic principle of the NGN concept is the strengthening of one type of transfer and commutation functions, the call control function and the service function.

The ideological principles and guidelines of the new generation are as follows:
First of all, the connection to the end can be as simple and manual as possible, without the need for intermediary systems, whereby a large number of traditionally established protocols and services can be available from the front end;

Through war, all information flows are integrated into a single dimension.

Vimogi to promising connections:

“Multiservice”, which means the independence of technology for providing services such as transport technologies;
"broadband", which refers to the possibility of flexible and dynamic changes in transmission fluidity over a wide range, depending on the current needs of the customer;
“multimedia”, which means the ability to transmit rich component information (word, data, video, audio, etc.) with the necessary synchronization of these components with the real hour of the Internet no folding configurations;
“Intellectuality”, which means the possibility of caring for servants, calling on the side of the servant and the postal manager;
“access invariance”, which means the ability to organize access to services regardless of the use of proprietary technology;
"multiple operators", which means the possibility of the participation of several operators in the process of providing services and the division of their competence corresponding to their areas of activity.

Possibility of measure NGN:

The security of the creation, the development and management of any type of services (seen and yet unknown).
This includes services that operate as a middle ground with coding schemes and services (data, conversational, unicast, multi-address and wide-area, message transfer, simple data transfer service), in real time and in real time, sensitive to blackout and Allow shading, which allows different widths of the smudge to pass through, but not guaranteed.
A clear distinction between service functions and transport functions to ensure the interconnection of services and connectivity, which is one of the main characteristics of NGN.
The provision of both existing and new services, regardless of the type of access control that is being used.
Functional elements of management policies, sessions, media, resources, service delivery, security, etc.
The culprits are the divisions behind the infrastructure, including both existing and new measures.
Implementation of inter-interface communication between NGN and other interconnections, such as PSTN, ISSN, UPS behind additional gateways.

The rules have been adjusted to ensure the proper delivery of services to the clients, so that the clients will be seen as a single person with access to different technologies, regardless of what kind of devices they may have.

1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of NGN

Advantages of the next generation:

Delivery of the latest high-quality services.
Scalability.
Compliance with international standards, access to proprietary interfaces (such as Ethernet), support for traditional edge technologies (ATM, FR, etc.).
Multi-protocol support (insight and flexibility).
Traffic Management (Traffic Engineering).
Reservation of smuha throughput.
Classification of traffic types.
Quality of Service (QoS) management.
Detailed protection mechanisms (for example, MPLS Fast Reroute).

Few of the boundaries of the coming generation

The presence of a clear regulatory framework
Mutual ownership of different postal employees

ABSTRACT

“NGN – MEASURES OF THE OFFENSIVE GENERATION

The measures of the next generation may provide resources (infrastructure, protocols, etc.) for the creation, implementation and management of all types of services (current and future).

Within the NGN framework, the main emphasis is on the ability to adapt services to service providers, thereby also ensuring that their customers are able to maintain their power.

New generation measures include APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), which will provide support for the development, delivery and management of services.
The functional model of the NGN border, in the lateral form, can be represented by three levels:
transport rhubarb;

level of control over switching and information transfer;

rhubarb keruvannya servants.

The tasks of the transport level include commutation and transmission of information to the operator.

The tasks of the switching and transmission control level include processing signaling information, routing calls, and controlling flows.
The service management level includes functions for managing the logic of services and add-ons and the distribution of the computational core, which will ensure the onset of demand:
provision of infocommunication services;
service management;

the creation and implementation of new services;
mutual interaction between different services.

A special feature of NGN technology is the open interface between the transport layer and the keratin switching layer.

Once you determine the topology of the NGN network from a set of areas, then the subscriber access area will appear below (which is based, for example, on three transmission media: metal cable, optical fiber and radio channels), then the commutation area (commutation ii channels and/or packet switching).

The designated area contains the structure of multiservice access nodes.

SoftSwitch software switches are built above them to create a layer of software support, which is more important than the area of intellectual services and operational support services.

2.2 Functions of peers (Look at the Softswitch/NGN settings) 2.2.1 Range of reach – Access limits

Access network functions

to ensure the connection of terminal cores to the boundary, as well as the collection and aggregation of traffic that is required to ensure access to the transport backbone (core).
These functions are also implemented by QoS service management mechanisms directly related to customer traffic, including management of buffers, drawers and layouts, packet filtering, classification traffic, traffic marking, designated service policy and formation of the traffic transmission profile.
The main access control services can be used to connect the following types of subscribers:
PSTN analogue access subscribers;
subscriber access TsSIB;
xDSL access subscribers;
subscribers of the channels connected to Nx64 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s;

subscribers who subscribe to access optical cable technologies (PON);

subscribers who subscribe to access structured cable systems (HFC); subscribers who use wireless access and radio access systems (Wi-Fi).

2.2.2 Transport level – Transport measures Transport functions

+ ensure the connection of all components and physical separation of functions in the NGN middle. Act as an arbiter between service control and transport functions to support QoS and link transport resources to the network at the access and backbone transport boundaries.

+ Management decisions are based on information about necessary transport, tasks, SLA service levels, security policy rules, service priorities and information about the source of transport resources. Network Attachment Control Functions (NACFs)

ensure registration of equal access and initialization of the function of the end user of NGN services.
The transport network of the NGN network will be based on packet transmission technologies.
The main technologies are ATM and IP.
As a rule, the transport layer of a multiservice network is based on the basic ATM or IP layers, so the NGN network can be created as a superimposition of the original transport packet layers.

Measures that are based on ATM technology, which is designed to ensure high-speed service, can be implemented during the development of NGN practically without changes.

The development of the NGN transport layer of primary IP networks is based on the implementation of additional functions in them to ensure serviceability.
Finally, if the ATM/IP router/switch implements the function of switching between external networks, then they can implement the control function from the side of the network switch with the implementation of H. 248/MGCP (IP) or BICC (ATM).
The NGN transport lane warehouse may include:
transit nodes that define the functions of transfer and commutation;

end (border) nodes to ensure subscribers' access to the multiservice network;

alarm controllers, which configure the functions of processing alarm information, handling calls and connections;

The task of the level of keruvanny is switched and transmitted and keruvanny installations are connected to the NGN fragment.
The function of installing a connection is only implemented at the level of the elements of the transport barrier under the external installation of the network switch.
The culprit is an automatic telephone exchange with MGC functions, which establishes commutation as an element of the transport network.
The rotten switch is guilty of causing:
♦ processing of all types of signaling that are supported by your domain;
♦ saving and servicing the subscriber data of koristuvachs,
that are connected to this domain directly or through the possession of access gateways;
♦ interaction with program servers to provide an expanded list of services to merchants.
When the switch hardware is installed, signaling exchanges with the functional elements of the switching control layer.
Such elements include all gateways, terminal equipment of multi-service network [Integrated Access Device (IAD), SIP and H.323 terminals], equipment of other network switches and PBXs with the functions of a transport gateway controller (MGC).
saving and storing subscriber data of clients who connect to your domain directly or through access gateways;

To transmit signaling information from the PSTN network through the packet network, special protocols are used.

Thus, the transmission of information to the SS7 alarm system.
In order to pass through signaling gateways from the PSTN until the network switch is installed, the MxUA protocol of the SIGTRAN technology is used (at the same time, a number of implementations of the network switch have transferred the direct introduction of SS7 signaling).
When installed on multiple switches, they communicate using inter-node protocols (usually the SIP-T family) and ensure complete control of the connection installations.
2.2.4 Service management level
The implementation of call service logic around a number of edge points allows you to optimize the structure of access to services that are provided by intelligent connections.
For this type of switch the SSP function is implemented.
The use of package technologies allows you to provide comprehensive data to an expanded list of services regardless of the type of access of the customer.
Multiservice services provide the ability to provide the same type of services using different class of service (QoS) parameters.

It should be noted that today the power supply interaction between the network switch and the service servers is not sufficiently regulated to the same international standards, which may lead to the inconsistency of using different devices c.

Butt stock NGN

3. Various options for NGN convergence

The boundaries of the next generation are based on two paradigms: with the use of either software switches (Softswitch) and media gateways (MGW), or a software-hardware complex - IMS.

Softswitch and IMS architectures cover a wide spectrum (subscriber devices and transport, call and session management, add-on servers), and between these logical rivals there are practically the same concepts/architectures localities.

It’s just that the Softswitch architecture is designed to represent peripheral devices, while the IMS architecture is defined primarily as functions.

The idea of providing all services based on IP-measurement, such as call control and switching functions, is also identical.

3.1 Softswitch - flexible software switch

The development of computer telephony led to the concept of Softswitch, and then the concept of interconnection at the level of mobile and drone management (IMS concept).- through the use of NGN networks, clicks to strengthen the functions of the network connected to the switching function, to serve a large number of subscribers and interact with support servers, painfully open standards.

MGCP It carries the intelligent capabilities of an IP network, it coordinates service calls, alarms and functions to ensure the installation of a connection through one or more networks.

The term "Softswitch" is used not only to designate one of the edge elements.

Connected with it is the border architecture, and the very ideology of the borders itself carries a song of peace.

For us, the important functions are determined by the Softswitch switch, and its purpose is to determine a number of tasks that power nodes with channel switching.

Another term often associated with Softswitch is MGC.

This name emphasizes the fact that transport gateways and access gateways use the H.248 protocol or others.

Softswitch coordinates the exchange of signals between layers to support the functionality of the Signaling Gateway (SG).

Vin coordinates activities to ensure connection with logical objects at different levels, and transforms information into notifications.
Such a transformation is necessary so that the signal messages are interpreted on both sides of the disparate boundaries, ensuring the first stage of modernization of the work with automatic telephone exchanges (PBX).
Softswitch reference architecture
Softswitch architecture models are divided into four functional areas:

transport surface - indicates transport and connection.

Includes IP Transport Domain, Intercommunication Domain and IP Access Domain.

The area of the serviced call and alarm system contains the main elements of the IP-telephony network.

Includes media gateway controller, Call Agent, Gatekeeper.

service area and program - implements service management at the limit. Revenge servers program and servers DVO. Operational control area – supports the functions of subscriber activation and services, maintenance, billing and other operational tasks.

Historically, there were two direct routes to IMS.

This technology can be seen as a continuation of the evolution of intelligent platforms, which began ten years ago when the first standards were established in this country.

Another option for developing this approach is the Softswitch technology.
IMS technology was a continuation of the evolution of NGN control devices, but now, before fixed measures, the collapses were acquired, and the emphasis on 3G became stronger.
Why is it needed:

IMS technology, a standard that forms the basis of most installations, allows the creation of a single middleware for a wide range of multimedia services, creating the basis for the convergence of fixed and mobile data.

IMS allows you to develop and provide subscribers between fixed and mobile calls with personalized services based on various combinations of voice, text, graphics and video (chat on the mobile phone screen, email, games something else).

IMS solutions significantly expand the capabilities of the end-user customer to provide a wider range of services, including those that were difficult or economically ineffective with TDM measures.

IMS provides an architecture in which a variety of functions can be shared with different programs and with different providers.

P-CSCF (Proxy CSCF) – an intermediary for interaction with subscriber terminals.
The main tasks are subscriber authentication and cloud record formation;
I-CSCF (Interrogating CSCF) – an intermediary for interaction with external measures.

The main tasks are to determine the external subscriber’s privileges for access to services, select an external server and ensure access to the next one;
S-CSCF (Serving CSCF) is the central node of the IMS network, processing all SIP messages exchanged between end devices.
HSS (Home Subscriber Server) is a server for home subscribers, a database for clients, and will provide access to individual client data associated with services.
If there are a number of HSS servers in the IMS network, it is necessary to add SLF (Subscriber Locator Function), which searches for HSS with the data of a specific account provider.

BGCF is an element that transfers calls between the channel switching domain and the IMS network.

This routing is based on telephone numbers and selects a gateway in the circuit switching domain, through which IMS layer will interact with the PSTN or GSM.
MGCF – manages transport gateways.
MRFC - controls the multimedia resource processor, ensuring the implementation of services such as conference calls, notifications, recoding of the signal that is being transmitted.
Serves at IMS borders
Presence indication
Managing group lists
Group Communication
Push-To-Talk
Push-To-Show

Whiteboard is a service that allows two or more subscribers to easily edit notes and documents in real time.

All you need to do in one session is to use the on-line mode to determine the participants.

If we compare the architectures of Softswitch and IMS, then from the little ones it is clear that both architectures lie on three levels, and between levels take place in the same places.

For the Softswitch architecture, we are depicted in front of the network devices, and the IMS architecture is designated primarily for equal functions.

The idea of providing all services based on IP-measurement, such as call control and switching functions, is also identical.

In essence, the functions of the OSA gateway and the subscriber data server are added to the existing functions of the Softswitch.

Also, before the features of IMS, it is necessary to focus on the IPv6 protocol: many traders believe that the popularity of IMS will serve as a barrier to the introduction of the next version of the IP protocol.