Motherboard (Mainboard) - Motherboard (system board)– the main element of the computer system, containing the data of the entire system. This is an independent element that controls internal connections and interactions with external devices. This is a large collection of sockets used for installing these and other components.
Mother board- The main board of a personal computer, which is a sheet of fiberglass coated with copper foil. Using a foil etching machine, thin copper conductors are removed to connect the electronic components.
The little one shows the structure of a typical motherboard.
The main components installed on the motherboard (system) board:
1. Central processor - installations from special It is plugged in and cooled by a radiator and fan.
2. System logic set (English chipset)- A set of chips that will ensure the connection of the CPU to RAM and controllers of peripheral devices. As a rule, current sets of system logic will be based on two NVIS: “ground” and “ground bridges”. The system logic itself defines all the key features of the system board and what devices can connect to it.
3. RAM(also operational device, RAM)
4. Zavantazhuvalne ROM- Saves the software that is saved immediately after turning on the food. Memory chips that are reprogrammed, which are stored by BIOS programs, PC testing programs, OS updates, device drivers, initial installations.
5. Roz'emi for connecting additional devices (slots) PCI/ISA/AGP/PCI-E, connectors for connecting storage devices to the HDD and HDD.
All components and mat.pl. interconnected by a system of conductors (lines) that exchange information. These lines are called information bus(Bus).
Interactions between PC components and devices connected to different buses require assistance. bridges, implemented on one of the Chipset microcircuits. (for example, the ISA and PCI bus connections are implemented in the 82371AB microcircuit).
The dimensions of the board are standardized and need to match the size and type of PC case. When installing the trace, turn off the contact at the bottom and the metal panels of the housing to avoid short circuits.
Pivnichny and Pivdenny place
To adjust the clock frequency and capacity of devices, special microcircuits are installed on the system board (their set is called a chipset), which turns on the RAM and video memory controller (so called outdoor place) and controller of peripheral devices ( pivdenny place)
Motherboard Specifications
Processor generation What kind of motherboard is it? It is not possible to install a processor of one generation on a motherboard of another. (Pentium, PII, PIII, PIV, Athlon). In addition, which maximum power processor your motherboard uses depends on how long it will last for you.
Range of clock frequencies supported by the processor at the boundaries of one generation. The more expensive the board, the greater the range of processor frequencies it supports. Since the board supports frequencies of 1700-1800 MHz, a processor with a frequency of 2.1 GHz cannot be inserted.
System bus frequency directly related to the frequency and speed of the processor. It is practical for the CPU to multiply the operating frequency of the mat.pl. 2-3 times. By choosing to combine one of the coefficients with the system bus frequency, you can overclock the processor. Turn on the processor carefully, otherwise it may burn due to overheating. Intel may want to install special anti-discharge blocks.
Basic chipset The chipset model contains the main characteristics of the motherboard: supported processor and OP, type of system bus, ports of external and internal devices. On these chipsets themselves there will be mats from different companies. pay. A number of basic chipsets are being removed. Intel, VIA, Nvideo, Ali, Sis
Apply INTEL 845D 845E 845G 845PE 850E
Firm virobnik ABIT, ACORP, ASUSTEK, GIGABITE, INTEL, ELITEGROUP
Form factor– method of reinstalling the main microcircuits and Baby AT, AT, ATX and ATX-2.1, WTX slots
ATX (AT extension) was released by INTEL in 1995. - its appearance is due to the presence in the PC of a large number of different internal devices, the great integration of microcircuits on the motherboard, which has advanced the ability to cool the elements. More manual access to internal devices is required. Varieties of AT and ATX cases:
a) life blocks: design, size, outlet for supplying life to the board, strength (300,330,350,400 VA). Expanded keruvannya for living conditions, for hibernating mode ate.living = 0.
b) the presence of integration of external ports on the board, changing the number of cables in the middle of the system unit (case), making access to the components of the system unit easier. The ports are arranged compactly in a row at the rear of the system unit.
c) expansion slots allow the installation of multi-size expansion cards.
d) drive sockets are separated from their transfer mounts, which allows short cables to be routed.
ATX-2.1 – upgraded ATX Platform for P4. The advanced connection was made to the life block from two additional outputs to the processor core. Dodatkovo is different for strengthening the life lines. A heavy CPU heatsink is attached to the board with screws, so there is no pressure on the board.
Basic set of slots and sockets. The number of roses and their type. (Type and quantity of VP, AGP, PCI, ISA)
Detection of built-in devices. The motherboard contains chips for video, sound, and edge cards.
Motherboard with integrated sound, video, video adapters (integrated)
It would have been a little cheaper, without purchasing other components, otherwise such integration may have its drawbacks:
1) The sound and video of the incoming payment may exceed even modest possibilities
2) Tell me that at this moment you have enough of these possibilities, then after a while the situation can radically change. mat. The card is morally older than, say, a video card.
3) Combined cards in practice are often more attractive than cards with other devices. It is possible for the program to freeze for an hour during testing. Just think about it, first of all you will be tempted to buy a combined payment.
Types of motherboard connectors
A socket for installing a processor. For different types of processors, please contact us. I will name the main vicoristics.
Intel Pentium - Socket- for PIII-IV - Socket 370, P4 Socket 423 \ Socket 478 - square shape with numerous sockets along the perimeter of the square - socket. For current processors (Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D, Pentium EE, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Celeron, Xeon 3000 series, Core 2 Quad - Socket T ( LGA775). For PII – Slot1.
For AMD K7 processors – Slot A, Socket 462 – narrow slot (Athlon, Athlon XP, Sempron, Duron). Socket AM2 and AM3 - support for DDR2 and DDR3 memory is consistent.
PCI– we call the shortest one on the board, white, divided by a jumper into 2 parts. It may have a video card, sound card, edge board, internal modem, special scanner cards, etc. installed. (PCI type). High productivity, automatic adjustment of controllers that are connected, low impact on the processor and independence from the CPU type. For example, the processor can work with memory, while data is transmitted over the PCI bus. The basic principle of the PCI bus is the construction of bridges, which create connections between the bus and other system components. Another feature is the implementation of the so-called Bus Master Bus Slave principles. The PCI Bus Master card can read data from the OP and write it there without going to the processor, and the Bus Slave cannot read the data. The PCI bus has a different method of transmitting data, called the handshake method, due to the fact that there are 2 devices in the system: transmission (Initiator) and reception (Target). If the transmitting device is ready before transmission, it inserts data on the data line and sends a signal (Initiator Ready), whereby the target device writes the data to its register and sends a Target Ready signal, Confirmed recording of data and readiness for future events. The setting of all signals is strictly consistent with the bus clock pulses.
ISA– (Industry Standard Architecture) 16-bit architecture. EISA - 32-bit architecture (ISA extensions). Advanced interface, lower front PCI. Dovzhin slots are 1.5 times the black color. Before them, you can connect without additional data cards. Call it 2-4 pcs. Current PCs (P4 K7 do not have many large roses).
AGP(Advanced\Accelerated Graphic Port) - accelerated graphics port. Pro (professional series). This is an additional connection between the CPU and the graphics controller, which allows the processor to more quickly send commands to the IC graphics, and the graphics controller to exchange data with the main memory with a much greater speed Istyu. Allows you to connect one device, additional to the PCI bus. It is therefore better to save 3-dimensional texture maps in the main memory, rather than transferring additional memory to the graphics subsystem storage. In fact, AGP is an improvement on PCI, designed to provide higher transfer speeds. AGP provides an internal direct connection between the graphics adapter (SVGA) and the main memory of the PC. Uses for working with graphics: 3D games, displaying scenes from virtual reality, complex video processing (slides, photographs).
Slots for installing VP
Stinks are pop-up castles. Slots of 3 types of memory of the Dimm type are available - DDR, DDRII, DDRIII). The number of slots can be 2-4.
Port controllers - located on the back of the PC
A) parallel ports (LPT1, LPT2)
- 25 sockets (often black or brown color) - for connecting printers and scanners
b) serial ports (Com1 Com2)
9 or 25 pins. To connect the mouse to an external modem. Parallel ports are used for I/O operations with greater fluidity, and therefore due to the large number of wires in the cable. Several devices (modems) can be connected to both parallel and serial ports.
V) PS2
- A small round socket for the mouse and keyboard. Zeleny - Misha, Buzkovy - keyboard.
G) USB port
(Universal Serial Bus) USB2 – universal serial bus. Allows you to connect to a PC without external devices connected to the straps. (first to PC, friend to first...). For connecting printers, scanners, cameras, etc. It consists of 2 pairs of twisted wires for transmitting data to the skin direct (differential connection) and the life line. One port can address 63 devices (USB2-100). Thus, only one peripheral device can be connected to the computer, and all others (keyboard, mouse, modem) are connected to a hub that connects to a monitor, keyboard or other USB device. USB can be connected to the mirror or ground bus topology. Data transmission occurs in both synchronous and asynchronous mode. Transmission speed is 12-15 Mbit/sec. USB can be connected to a digital telephone line without additional cards. Devices up to USB are configured automatically.
d) game port
(15 sockets) a joystick is connected. Not all PCs have it.
e) RAID controller.
The RAID architecture transfers that information is stored on two adjacent hard drives, if one of them is out of order, then the system still allows access to files that are stored on the server, so Make sure that your disk drives do not become idle. The RAID architecture ensures data integrity and disk memory sharing. Data is written to a number of storage devices using the transfer method, so that the read and write operation simultaneously takes the same place as the number of disks. As a result, productivity increases, because the disk subsystem ceases to be a factor that limits productivity.
One of the most important elements in a computer is the motherboard, also called the system board.
All internal components are connected to the motherboard, such as a processor, RAM, expansion cards, controllers, and peripheral devices, such as SSD drives, DVD drives, external storage information, adapters , modem.
To connect all these components at once, there are special sockets, which are officially called slots, sockets and connectors.
ATTACHMENT OF THE COMPUTER'S MOTHER BOARD
1. Processor socket- The size of the processor, the largest on the motherboard, is not difficult to find. Since there are still difficulties, then this modification is indicated in the circuit before installation for the motherboard.
The slot is divided according to the type of processor for which it is used, so you can install any model in the slot. Otherwise, the pins by which the processor is inserted into the slot may become bent or, if damaged, become rusty. Processors of different brands are distinguished by the socket standard, but processors of different brands may be differentiated by the socket format.
2. RAM slots- Mainly a bunch of time tributes. With drawn-out openings with locks along the edges, up to the river, asymmetrical in shape. This was created specifically for the purpose of allowing the student to set the memory bar without compromise.
The slots on the computer's motherboard are allocated for a specific type of memory, which can be identified in the manual before the system board. The RAM strips are divided into different types. Today's most popular standard is DDR3 SDRAM.
3. Slot for video cards and other expansion cards. Current PCI Express slots are divided into the following types:
a) high-speed – for video cards,
b) standard – all other expansion cards.
You can cut out the slot for high-speed video cards using a special PCI-E x16 label. Guess what color you see in your visions. The current PCI-Express x 16 slot has become somewhat universal through those with a bidirectional bus with a throughput of 8 Gb/s, and in a single-directional mode, throughput of 4 Gb/s.
4. Connectors for connecting a hard drive to the drive. DVD/BlueRay drives, as well as hard drives SSD and HDD, are usually connected to an additional SATA connector. This format allows the so-called “hot plugging” to work, which means the ability to connect/disconnect when live is turned on. This parameter is not specified by the manufacturer; it can be activated independently in the BIOS settings.
5. Removal for the life of the motherboard. The supply of food to the system board and processor is carried out through various wiring. The main components of the life block are wired in different colors with different voltage ratings (+12V, -12V, +5V, “Ground” and others). To avoid confusion about where to supply the voltage, the plugs are combined into plugs of different shapes.
The motherboard slot comes in different formats (depending on the form factor of the system case: ATX or miniATX) and can have 20 or 24 contacts. The ATX form factor board is larger in size, and obviously requires more storage. You will need a 24-pin connector.
This feature must be taken into account when choosing and purchasing a life block. The connector for reviving the processor should not be confused with anything else, it will not go anywhere else. It has such a shape that you simply won’t be able to connect it correctly.
6. Internal USB contacts. If you add a 9-pin connector to the system board, then there will be a connector for connecting external USB ports located on the front side of the system unit. You can connect them, because USB ports are now available, located on the back of the board, on the connector panel.
7. Connecting buttons. When the user restarts the PC or it freezes, he presses the other control buttons that connect to the motherboard using soft contacts. To avoid breakdowns, it is important not to confuse the polarity and lose respect to the inscriptions (describe with the customer before the system board).
STANDARD ZONE ROSES
Ports are installed on the back of the board; access to them is from the rear wall of the system unit. As a rule, the following set of ports is required:
USB ports (minimum 2 pcs.),
LAN (measuring card port),
SATA (connection of additional hard drive),
connectors for audio outputs and audio inputs;
PS/2 (for bear and keyboard);
HDMI (monitor connection).
CHIPSET OR MOTHER BOARD BRIDGES
A chipset is a microcircuit or a set of microcircuits that support the operation of the processor, RAM, hard drive, video adapter and other components connected to the motherboard. Previously, the chipset warehouse included the first place and the last place. But today, through a high level of integration, two microcircuits are combined into one.
Pivnichny place– it is an intermediary between the processor, memory and video card, the main function of which is to organize the exchange of data between these high-performance devices. The productivity of a computer depends on the efficiency of the work of these components at the same time.
The first place has taken away its name for those located closest to the processor (uphill). І recently there has been an increase in PC productivity, because There is a high delay in transmission between the central processor and other components of the external bridge.
The very high temperature of the place often overheats and causes the computer to freeze.
The productivity of processors and video cards has increased significantly, which has resulted in creative solutions from motherboard designers. The decision to integrate the primary part of the processor was also praised.
Pivdenny place coordinates the operation of BIOS and USB, SATA slots, hard drive, keyboard, mouse. It comes with its own set of chips. She won her title because... be known as “lower” than the central processor.
The productivity of the Pivdenny Bridge is significantly lower, because Before this, low-speed peripheral devices are connected. However, due to the transfer of a large amount of data, the chip often overheats (to the point it does not require an external cooling device) and can go wrong.
PERIPHERY
1.Audio sound and video. At the rear of the processor there is a connector for connecting speakers or headphones. Now you don’t need to buy a discrete card - the audio card is instantly inserted and has maximum settings, which allows you to clearly create sound.
Video cards have also moved on to integration. Today's video processors are integrated directly into the system board or central processor, which allows you to change the size of the end device and reduce its energy consumption.
2.Merezhevy slot. I’ll close the hemstone card and no one buys it anymore. All current motherboards have integrated gigabit ports. By the end of the day, payments from the two border ports began to appear. They can be consumed, thereby increasing the fluidity of data exchange.
Options for a new drone-free WI-FI controller have begun to appear more frequently.
3.RAID. Payments with built-in RAID controllers are becoming increasingly common.
DATA BUS AND VARIETIES
Data exchange on the motherboard takes place with the help of buses. Regardless of the number of paths and authorities, the tires themselves stink, affecting productivity. The smell is due to the following parameters:
frequency,
capacity,
Data transmission speed.
Typical tires you can see include:
1. processor(as a rule, the most productive way is to ensure the exchange of data between the CPU, memory and chipset);
2. memory bus(there is no need for it, because previously the main place and RAM were connected, and the exchange is carried out on the processor bus);
3. graphic(the bus is responsible for exchanging data with a video card, which is the type of graphics adapter that is supported). Today, the remaining standard is PCI Express 3.0: characterized by high speed (1 Gb/s per line) and low latency during data transfer.
The computer has a lot of storage facilities. One of the most important parts, without which it is impossible to see your robot, is the motherboard. The layout of this annex is very complex, and it itself includes a number of storage parts. Why should I go in?
What is the motherboard?
This is the name of the device, which is the basis of the technological calculation system. The motherboard is mounted in the middle of the case with both its cooling system and life block. For classification, different standards are used, which determine the size of the device, its mounting location, placement of input/output ports, buses and connectors (for the processor and RAM). The motherboard scheme within the framework of the article is described step by step. And we understand from the very foundation.
Drukovana fee
It contains signal lines that connect all the elements to each other. If they are placed too close, there will be interference for signals. The greater the life of the line and the transmission of data along it, the greater the level of instability. This can be caused by malfunctions in the work of even expensive and reliable EOMs. To minimize this effect, make a multi-spherical board with a much larger core area, and place it between the lines. In current vikory devices there are usually six balls: three for signal balls, one for grounding and two for life. The other boards house all the elements that transfer them to an invisible part of the computer. This includes both components and ports. The scheme allows us to judge what may be available to us in the future. Thus, on current devices there are over a dozen outlets for various devices, in addition to those considered within the statistics. It should be noted that most motherboard retailers are loyal to the importance of purchasing their products in order to add new storage capacity (for example, RAM).
Chipset
Also called a set of system logic. These are called microcircuits that simultaneously ensure the trouble-free functioning of the memory processor, central processor, peripheral device controllers, video cards and other components that are connected to the motherboard. Finally, it determines the main parameters that define the device. Current sets of system logic will consist of two components. The skin is coated with a chipset. Ale stinks are connected with a high-quality tire. There is a tendency for the motherboard circuitry to become progressively more common. Finally, there is a need to diversify the channels in connection with various additional ones and as the world develops integration technology, circuits will become smaller, cheaper, and the energy consumption of them will change.
Pivnichny place
It controls and controls the direct data that is extracted from four tires:
- Systemic.
- Associated with memory.
- Exchange data with the graphics adapter.
- Connected with the Pivdenny Bridge.
This device consists of a memory controller and a number of interfaces. If you want, the first function can be considered obsolete due to the fact that all current computers have such a device. The same can be said about the interface, which stands for graphics.
Pivdenny place
This part is just as important, just like the motherboard. I’ll add a much larger circuit to the circuit. So, the following tires are included before it:
- Those who represent the connection with the soil bridge as support.
- Happy place with expansion cards.
- Those that represent the exchange of data with other EOMs or peripheral devices.
- They deal with hard disks.
- Maintain data exchange with large devices.
Basic input/output system (BIOS)
BIOS is a special program that is flashed to the BIOS both in the motherboard and in other EOM elements (video cards, controllers, etc.). This version is important because when the computer is turned on, it checks a large number of devices connected to it (memory, hard drives, processor, etc.). Then the Bios initializes the controllers, such as the motherboard. The diagram located at the status allows you to understand that the device’s actions are launched from them and the process of setting their basic parameters is initiated. If everything works without problems, the BIOS transfers control over the operating system.
Clock generator
This device requires the generation of a highly stable periodic signal, which synchronizes the operation of the EOM elements. It consists of a clock generator and the rest itself can generate signals. However, they cannot be generated at the frequency required for the functioning of the daily memory, bus and processor. Therefore, to strengthen the vikorist, a clock generator is used. Depending on the frequency of impulses, there is a lot of fluidity in which calculations occur. So, any operation requires a number of steps. Apparently, the more per second, the greater the productivity. However, this assertion is only correct for devices that represent the new microarchitecture. The clock frequency may increase due to the increase in EOM productivity. Alas, there are minuses here. Thus, the stability of the computer components will change, so after such an operation it is necessary to recheck the feasibility. Another disadvantage is that, as a result of important minds, robots can damage various elements. Moreover, the character will continue to grow stronger.
Other elements such as the motherboard
The diagram of this device helps to understand that the main components are listed - that's all. What else is there? It is important that there are a large number of capacitors, the use of which ensures an even flow of voltage. The smells are necessary through those that the level of accumulated energy can change sharply (as is the case with the replacement of work or its renewal). Capacitors smooth out voltage strips. As a result, the stability of the robotic technology increases, and the service life of all elements, such as those in the EOM, increases.
Specific butt
Let's see what the scheme is like. As you can see, the little one clearly shows a great controller who deals with a wide range of activities. So, it should be noted that the circuit of the motherboard of the laptop and computer will be slightly modified. So, at first there is little time to arrange everything in the store. Of course, on computers they are not scattered, but the problem is not so serious there. To understand this, you need a connection diagram for the Asus motherboard and a suitable computer. Check where everything is placed. Everything on the laptop is optimized, no matter how much space there is for storage. Since computers always have an obvious system unit, they don’t pay much attention to this at all.
Visnovok
Well, now, we think, you have a good idea about those who use this device. We looked at the diagram of the Asus motherboard. Please complement the picture given within the framework of the little statistic.
When I repair computers, I often find myself diagnosed with a faulty motherboard. In situations like this, it’s entirely reasonable for investors to decide: is it better to buy a new one or repair the old motherboard? I can say that repairing motherboards is always cost-effective, but sometimes it goes wrong with the processor’s life schemes, for example, it’s entirely possible.
The motherboard is a foldable computer that is considered non-repairable. However, having equipped yourself with a multimeter, a diagnostic POST card, a soldering iron and a heavy head on your shoulders, the cumbersome repair of the motherboard is a task much more difficult for any electronics engineer.
Signs of a motherboard failure
Why do you need to repair the motherboard? From diagnostics and visual inspection in the first place!
The most obvious sign of a motherboard malfunction is if the computer does not start (then the life block supplies all the voltage, and there is no sign on the monitor screen). It’s also possible to see a wider phenomenon - start-stop, if after turning on the life block “go to the defense” through a short circuit along the processor life lines (if you remove the 4-pin connector from the motherboard, the life block will start, unless the system starts) .
Start diagnosing the motherboard by visually inspecting the rest.
Identification of components that have burned out on the motherboard makes it easier to diagnose.
|
|
|
Burnout (after a breakdown) in the controller microcircuit |
It turns out that upon visual inspection of a faulty motherboard, there may immediately be an element that can repair cracks, burnout or swelling. The diagnostics of the motherboard is completed and further repairs involve replacing faulty components with new ones.
The principle of diagnosing the motherboard from the Biostar A785-GE stock
Below is the diagnostics of the Biostar A785-GE motherboard using a multimeter. A malfunction is declared: for the presence of the OPP module in any of the slots - the start of the motherboard, for the presence of the OPP - short POST BIOS signals that are repeated.
The principle of diagnosing the motherboard is: after a visual inspection, the circuit voltage check is repaired to the device and its components.
Those that the motherboard is supposed to start with only one RAM capacity and go through various stages of self-testing means that all the voltage is coming to the processor, the clocker is working and the Reset signal is heard, and start with a RAM module inserted into the slot, check for problems with by straining the operative memory.
Let's try to figure out what voltages are needed for DDR-II RAM.
The main power supply voltages on the motherboard are as follows:
- VDD - Voltage of RAM modules (for DDR-II - 1.8V).
- VDDSPD - Life voltage of SPD microcircuits (small eight-pin, module parameters are protected in it).
- VREF - Spring support (1/2 type of mains).
- VTT - termination voltage (half the mains voltage, that is 1/2 VDD). For DDR-I and DDR-II modules, it is supplied due to resistor assemblies soldered on the motherboard. For DDR-III, the VTT terminal is already soldered on the RAM module board itself.
 |
Diagnosis of a faulty motherboard using a multimeter showed the presence of all voltages except terminus (VTT). Termination voltage when clicked. "Dzvin" - unnecessary vibrations of the koris signal. The termination voltage is supplied to the RAM module through resistor assemblies soldered directly to the motherboard and can be measured manually on these assemblies. |
 |
The voltage termination is confirmed by the regulator microcircuit (LDO) - FP6137C. It consists of an operational booster and a pair of n-channel field-effect transistors connected behind a push-pull circuit. To properly operate the FP6137C robot you will need:
|
Based on the data set on the LDO FP6137C microcircuit, all the voltages necessary for its operation were present, and the output voltage was, as before, low. This microcircuit was found faulty and replaced with a similar RT9199 from Richtek.
Replacing a faulty termination voltage regulator microcircuit
After this replacement, the Biostar A785-GE motherboard started up successfully.
Outside the video of repairing the Biostar A785-GE motherboard
The hidden principle of the processor life circuit on the motherboard
Before the start of repairing the components of the motherboard, which would be repaired, it was not necessary to take into account the fundamental principle of the functioning of the reversible voltage. Current processors can handle peak flow up to 100A. The magnitude of such a great power flow is due to the use of EOM MOS transistors in EOM microcircuits. Such transistors, depending on their design, are similar to even high currents when overmicked. And the processing power of the processor is multiplied by the frequency of the interconnection, which creates even greater complication of the processor’s flow. Before speaking, the smaller the size of the MIS transistor, the smaller the compression ratio. Therefore, microcircuit manufacturers are trying to shift the production of more subtle technical processes.
Motherboard life scheme organized in the form of a PWM controller, driver microcircuits and MOSFETs (MDS/MOS transistors). A PWM controller controls transistors (mosfets) through microcircuit drivers.
In order to reduce the intensity along the strum, the lances of the life of the mother's plate are parallelized, causing them to be rich in phases. Below is a three-phase circuit for powering an Intel processor (478 Socket) on an ADP3180 PWM controller, a pair of mosfets included on the bridge and powered by ADP3418 driver chips. Working across the transistors, they convert the input voltage +12V from the power supply into a lowering pulse connecting the LC switch across to +12V and ground. Depending on the current flow, the microcircuit can change the intensity of the pulses, thereby stabilizing the Uvih. The output voltage is further smoothed out by rectifying capacitors so that it remains far from the life of the motherboard.
Motherboard life converter circuit. Presented to the little one motherboard life scheme, More precisely, one channel (the food phase).
There are three such processor life channels on the motherboard. Moreover, they operate synchronously with each other (that is, phase displacement), which ensures a better smoothing of the output voltage.
Actual voltage regulators (MSI) claim that the motherboard's power supply circuit is based on discrete voltage regulators DrMOS. Discrete voltage regulator on one microcircuit, in which the main components of the converter are integrated: MOSFET transistors, MOSFET drivers and PWM controller.
Motherboard life scheme on DrMOS
Motherboard voltage regulator on DrMOS chip
An example of the implementation of circuits for the life of the motherboard with the i865 logic arrangement. PWM controller on ADP3180 microcircuits, MOSFET control drivers included on the bridge, and on ADP3418 microcircuits. Control of the channel channels is carried out through resistors R589, R591, R592, which connect the output of the skin area and the SW input of the PWM controller of the motherboard.
Scheme of the motherboard CPU on the i865 chipset
The life voltage of Intel processors is available from the office. specifications
Like any microcircuit, the processor needs a live voltage, and not just one, but a whole set. All processor voltages are formed on the motherboard using additional converters and supplied to the output legs of the processor socket. When diagnosing the motherboard, it is necessary to check the main voltages on the processor. Their influence, according to the specifications of Intel, is shown below.
Vcc - processor core voltage
Vcc GT – voltage on the installed graphics core
Vcc SA - power supply voltage of the integrated bridge System Agent (System Agent, includes DDR3 memory controller, Power Control Unit (PCU), PCI-Express 2.0, DMI controllers)
Vcc PLL – voltage for integration clock generator
Vcc IO is an analogue of QPI/VTT on the s1366 platform, or VTT (FSB termination voltage) on the s775 platform, the live voltage for the external signal buses of the processor (RAM)
”The motherboard or system board is the foundation upon which any current computer, desktop PC, laptop or system will be built.
The motherboard itself suffers such consequences for its functionality and components, such as the processor, RAM, expansion cards and all other storage devices.
From the motherboard itself, you can connect peripheral devices to the computer, and even connect a system logic set (chipset) that supports various buses and interfaces, up to individual chips Connect, for example, a printer, you are unlikely to see anyone.
What is the current motherboard?
Rozmova, we are talking mainly about boards for desktop PCs, as the most advanced and similar readers, most of their descriptions are complete, as well as boards for servers, laptops and computers that are in the future.
The system board is the main and largest board in the computing machine.
Due to the complexity of the manufacture of the most advanced board, “motherboards” are seen as ultra-modern graphics hassles.
A typical motherboard is made on the basis of a six-ball textolite-based cardboard, while many video cards are produced on the basis of eight- and ten-ball cardboards.
The use of multi-ball boards makes it possible, while saving standard sizes, to separate different electrical lances in such a way that their interaction is minimal.
Behind those balls, which are located in the depths of the plate, there are life-giving and grounding lancets, and behind the others, including the upper and lower ones, there are power signal lancets.
In order not to confuse the reader with specific information, we will focus on just two electrical parameters of the motherboard.
The fragments of the damaged microcircuits are processed in very special modes, to ensure their reliability and durability it is necessary to carefully prepare them.
Of course, the role here is played by the life block, to which the board is connected, but various components require a certain amount of tension, and the energy supply of other components, such as the processor, is inconsistent.
All these factors must be reduced to additional tricks.
To supply the necessary voltage to various components, all modern motherboards are equipped with a voltage stabilizer, which is most often installed directly on the board, or it may be my small payment, which is located with proper cooling right in the middle of the living block.
The voltage stabilizer operates in automatic mode, depending on which contacts are supplied with voltage, in other words, to which connector the other device or payment element is connected.
The function of overclocking the processor, which is often supported by modern motherboards, is a manual voltage regulation (within reasonable limits, crazy), which is implemented for the user through the BIOS or a specialized utility.
Fight against voltage surges that are harmful to many components, clicking capacitors, accumulate components and then smoothly charge.
There are a lot of capacitors on motherboards, especially near the central processor, which is characterized by sharp cuts in energy consumption, which is important.
The capacitors themselves are associated with a decrease in the reliability of the motherboard over time: the capacitors age faster than other components, due to exposure to high temperatures.
As a result, the capacitance of the capacitors drops, and they begin to “strain the blow” and correct the voltage in the circuit, which is negatively displayed on other components and, in the worst case, put them out of tune.
Also, the recommendations before changing the computer for the skin were generated not only by the marketing smears of “moral obsolescence”, but by entirely objective reasons.
Let's move on to the most basic functions of the motherboard.
In general, this board contains a system bus, a processor socket, slots for RAM modules (a possible option if the memory chips are soldered directly into the board), expansion slots, various controllers, and also ports Nya ta vivedennya.
Basically, the motherboard integrates all the components of the computer into a single system - without it, they would simply be a set of components that are not connected one to another.
Let's go back to photography.
It shows a typical current motherboard P5GDC-V Deluxe manufactured by the Taiwanese company Asus.
This board is based on the Intel 915G system logic set and is designed for Intel Pentium 4 processors in an LGA 775 package and supports all the technologies that are common in today's desktop computers.
Brief characteristics of this model:
Chipset 915G with built-in graphics acceleration (“new place”) + ICH6R (“new place”).
- Support for Pentium 4 or Celeron D processors in LGA 775 packages.
- Support for DDR and DDR2 533 RAM up to 4 GB.
- Support for PCI Express x16 and x1 bus.
- PCI bus support.
- Support for Swedish USB 2.0 and IEEE 1394 (FireWire) interfaces.
- Controller IDE and Serial ATA.
- Gigabit edge controller.
- Eight-channel (7.1) sound controller.
- ATX form factor (dimensions – 305 x 244 mm).
AMD Radeon Adrenalin 19.7.2 Edition driver with Gears 5 action boost
Another sticky driver Radeon Software Adrenalin 19.7.2 2019 Edition was released to support the beta version of the Gears 5 action game.
GeForce 431.36 WHQL driver for GeForce RTX Super video cards
Nvidia has released a driver package for GeForce 431.36, certified by the Microsoft WHQL laboratory.
AMD Radeon Adrenalin 19.7.1 driver with software support for RX 5700