Routery
Over the past few years, the availability of Internet access has significantly increased, which was due to the benefits of new services and resource-intensive add-ons that can be processed correctly without PON connections from Rostelecom.
For these reasons, fiber optic technologies have been introduced, which can support the current demand for bandwidth.
PON technology from Rostelecom
Due to the high speed of data transmission, the sensitivity of PON technology from Rostelecom is of the greatest importance compared to other types of connections and will become wonderful solutions for connecting to the Internet of great companies ій.
At the moment, market speeds have approached 100 Mbit/s, and forecasts are to reach 1 Gbit/s for the mass market.
Only optical cables can provide high performance at large distances, which is essential between the provider and the customer.
Nowadays, service providers will be provided with FTTH (Fiber to the Home) bandwidth, which will be delivered to their booth.
The new architecture will be the basis for access control, which will cope with the problems of residents in the face of many future events.
This standard has become PON technology, which is immediately followed by Rostelecom.
You can encourage signal splitting in a 1:64 split of one fiber.
In addition, PON technologies of the telecommunications operator Rostelecom also include additional signals that provide analogue and digital television services for customers without the need to dial them through IP set-top boxes.
Advantages of the Internet due to PON technology from Rostelecom
The obvious advantage of PON Internet over Rostelecom in general is that one single optical fiber can support private users in addition to inexpensive passive optical splitters, which allows them not to waste sensitivity. and for the number of clients up to 64.
- The benefit of new technology is not only for residents, but also for post-employment workers who are looking to replace the middle barriers in densely populated areas.
- Advantages and features of PON network include:
there is no need for active equipment with limited access that prevents electromagnetic disturbances;
Changes in the ownership of fibers in the central office.
PON ownership at Rostelecom provides high throughput and maintains a high coefficient of distribution.
This means that with a 64-layer network, the subscriber receives a data throughput of approximately 35 Mbit/s.
If the service provider chooses to implement lower partition ratios, for example, 16 or 32, subscribers can receive even more throughput.
This factor is very important for changing the cost of ownership and allows service providers to provide valuable solutions to their subscribers.
In addition, updated technology based on XGPON standards increases the productivity of networks up to 10 Gbps, saving at the same time the cost of already-burned networks.
Adjustment of equipment
PON ownership in Rostelecom does not require complex setup, since all the main parameters, in most cases, are already installed by the service provider.
Once you have connected the router, you will need to personalize the security software.
For some models of Wi-Fi routers that support PON technology from Rostelecom, you will need to set up a drone-free network, as well as enter connection parameters.
The remaining time of the short-term fiber optic connection is the login and password of the PPPoE type.
2014 marks the 45th anniversary of the first computer communication session conducted in the USA on a distance of approximately 640 km.
This concept is respected by the origin of the Internet.
True, the ARPANET network, which transmitted the World Wide Web, at that time was accessible to even a small number of people and organizations.
Connection to it by “outsiders” lucky enough to run computers became possible only in 1991.
And with the advent of the 1993 web browser, NCSA Mosaic ensured a change in the minds of the world's growing Internet audience.
Well, the history of the “mass Internet” as of 2013 contains more than 20 fatalities.
In the first decade, the development of a global measure among journalists who paid attention to such indicators as “bandwidth of the communication channel (speed of data transmission in bits)” and the characteristic “bandwidth” associated with it was “reading a few people” , familiar with the theoretical foundations of radio technology.
Ostannim P'yatirichchim of the process of deputy cable tracks on optical growths, behind the rosrahunki analikiv, Shchel through the p'yat Rocks Optics/Mіd from the telecondomonikasii, radically snakes on the censerity of “Optics”.
The FTTx (Fiber to the x) architecture consists of a section of fiber optic line connection, connections from one side to the OLT (Optical Line Terminal) receiving station installed at the operator, and from other - to the receiving and transmitting modules of subscribers -ONT (Optical Network Terminal) or ONU (Optical Network Unit).
ONT is an individual connection terminal (also called an optical modem), which is installed near the apartment.
ONU - designed for installation in the separate closet of a large apartment booth and contains a number of ports for connecting computers, TVs, telephones that are located in neighboring apartments.
ONTs and ONUs convert optical signals that come from the OLT into electrical signals (direct, for example, computers, TVs, telephones), and also convert back the conversion of electrical signals that come from core terminals respect, optics, as they are sent to OLT. If you install splitters (passive signal splitters that go to the OLT) at the optical line sections and connect ONT to their outputs, then such a transition from a single-fiber FTTx structure to a tree-like structure PASSIVE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT. PON
(Passive Optical Network). PON work involves organizing multiple access through one optical fiber using Time Division Multiplexing Access (TDMA) and frequency subdivision of receiving and transmission paths ( Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
The first batch of PON technologies appeared about 15 years ago, and in an hour the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) released five standards for data transmission over optical fiber.
Active equipment, released in accordance with these standards, provides speeds from 155 Mb/s to 2488 Mb/s.
The specifics of these standards will be discussed below, but for now let us emphasize that the advantages of simple expansion of the subscriber base, maintenance and modernization, as well as low ki (aligned with “modern” technologies) operating costs.
GPON: the destructive power of the standard
The first standard of the PON family is APON (ATM PON), which was confirmed by MEM in 1998 and in the future, American and Japanese operators began to use passive optical lines. Data transmission according to this standard is based on the ATM protocol, which describes the method of switching and multiplexing, based on data transmission in the form of fixed-size networks (ATM networks). Data transfer speed – 155 Mb/s. The introduction of new technologies into APON, including dynamic recognition of information, including additions, support for SDH, FE, GE, SDI PAL, El, E/FE and telephony protocols, ensured additional functionality for video broadcasting, famous video content and television coverage (first appearing in PON of the third anniversary). This meant the approval of the “daughter” APON standard – BPON (Broadband PON). The transmission speed has increased to 622 Mb/s. APON – BPON has become the next step, becoming the GPON standard (
Gigabit
capable
In parallel with the improved PON technologies, there has been a development of optical Ethernet networks and advanced communication connections in the high-speed data transmission network in the EPON standard (Ethernet PON ), based on the MPCP (Multi-Point Control Protocol) protocol, effective control impersonal vuzliv. And yogo version is colored - GEPON
(Gigabit EPON) its characteristics and capabilities are today sacrificed to the crazy leader of PON technologies – GPON.
What “falls out” from the induced mini-look of technology, as from passive optical measurements?
- The differences in functionality are important because data transfer protocols form the basis of the standards.
GPON and GEPON: simple arithmetic
If there are numerical displays (or descriptions) that express any characteristics of objects that need to be equalized, this leveling can be done simply by arranging the corresponding numbers in a row or stacker.
And it will be immediately clear who is stealing whom.
We will also carry out the updating of GPON and GEPON.
Also, the forward speed of GPON is 2.5 Gb/s, and that of GEPON is 1.25 Gb/s.
The maximum number of subscriber nodes on one fiber for GPON is 64, and for GEPON - 16, which means a lower port capacity per subscriber in the operator’s optical terminal, selected according to the GPON standard, which means less energy consumption station ownership, lower than the operator's ownership standard GEPON. The share of bandwidth in GPON technology is no less than 93%, and in GEPON – no more than 60%. This difference is due to the fact that in an active GPON installation, the technology of frame fragmentation GEM (GTC Encapsulation Method) is used, which improves the efficiency of variable throughput.
For separate GPON infrastructure, which is created, for example, between a large apartment building, drop riser cables are used.
The specificity of “surface” drop cables used for installing an optical line from a suspended split cable, with a design that gives them the possibility of “flexible” routing with small radii Inu. Riser cables, which are assembled for vertical inter-surface routing, contain 6-12 optical fibers, which are easily laid in cassettes, and their welding requires less than an hour, at least welding of optical fibers
Other types of cables.
GPON: the evolutionary fluidity is growing
The advantages of the GPON standard compared with other types of PON technologies were not crossed even from the moment of its approval in 2003.
However, by 2010, GPON-based broadband access in Russia had accumulated, according to J'son & Partners Consulting, a total of 80 thousand.
The main barrier to greater growth, as soon as possible, is lost from the product that has entered the market, was the high price of active optical possession.
In Russia, the development of GPON is currently in the early stages.
Providers MGTS and Rostelecom take an active part in this process.
The transition to fiber optics after a long-line copper cable is difficult to carry out, as it will require significant investments in laying new lines and adding a lot of equipment.
Tim no less, Rostelecom is ready to introduce GPON connections not only in large places, but also in many private sectors beyond their borders.
The scheme for connecting GPON to Rostelecom is simple. 
The provider supplies optical fiber to each of the offices, and then beyond the additional switch the cable is divided and delivered to the owner of the network.
At the apartment itself, the signal is transferred to a special router, which serves as an input for fiber optics.
Having connected the GPON cable to Rostelecom and a computer with a LAN connector, you must turn off the device and go to setup.
To do this, you need to open any browser and write in the address bar to the IP terminal.
GPON ONT RFT620 from Rostelecom to enter the parameters using the vikoryst IP address 192.168.1.254.
Before logging into the device’s security program, you must enter your login and password, which are the user/user values.
Afterwards you will send this message to the home page of the firmware.
The Internet setup on this model has already been determined by the provider and does not require change.
I mean a part of the contribution of any provider project to the cable infrastructure.
Moreover, it is necessary to ensure not only the integrity of the cable, but also its laying, since the work in other infrastructure can be even greater.
I really want the investment to last for a long time, not to require frequent updates, and to have a good supply of required parameters.
From these points of view, optical channels are connected today in the most productive and “long-range” way of ensuring interconnection of devices.
In this case, the classic architecture conveys a “speck-speck” topology, if the skin line shows its own port from the skin side, and if necessary, the creation of a “deck” requires the establishment of active control at the node.
So, as far as possible, you can compete for single lines of the Great Dominion.
However, in some situations, a tree-like topology may more readily emerge, due to the scale and reduced number of cables that are being laid.
PON is suitable for such projects.
In Russia, a measure of this type has already appeared for a long time, five years ago.
And the growing number of connected customers and the start of the first Russian projects based on Fiber To The Home (FTTH), based on PON, shows that the technology has taken root in us.
In the next two or three years, it is planned to switch to 10-gigabit data and GPON technology.
For reception and transmission, lasers with different wavelengths are used - 1490 nm for transmission and 1310 nm for reception.
If necessary, it is possible to add channels and analogue cable TV channels (100 or more), which are modulated by a 1550 nm laser.
Depending on the specific scheme of the boundary and the vicoristic ownership, the underground supply to the canal can be up to 20 km.
Multiservice monitoring based on GEPON technology
The cable is laid to the switch port like a tree.
The splitters that are installed at the nodes are extremely non-vibrating - they do not require electricity, adjustment and control, a thermosheath, are inexpensive and even more compact.
This allows them to be placed, for example, in telephone cabinets, which is already the case.
- Splitter
- The simplest end devices are optical-cable converters with a built-in MAC address filter.
- Whenever a television station is connected, another receiver is installed in the modem, and a high-frequency cable is output to the TV.
- To protect information, it is possible to use encryption (AES128) of all packets that are transmitted.
- The technology does not allow direct aggregation of multiple subscribers located on the same switch port - data from one subscriber can be transferred to another through the GEPON switch, which relays data streams to the outgoing stream on the maximum 1310 nm in the downstream flow at 1490 nm.
- An additional advantage from a safety point of view is the vikoristanya on the line of inclusively passive control, which prevents overcrowding.
The positive aspects of PON trace include:
minimal loss of active possession;
ZyXEL's GEPON product line consists of three switches and three modems.
The younger model of the switch has all GEPON ports and all types of Gigabit Ethernet ports (remember, devices with less bandwidth cannot be connected to them).
Up to 32 modems can be connected to the skin optical port, resulting in a total of 256 subscribers per device.
All connectors are installed on the front side of the device - 8xPON, 8xGigabit, console, 10/100BaseT frosted cable and life.
All GEPON switches support STP/RSTP protocols and mechanisms for prioritizing traffic and organizing virtual networks (including Port Based and 802.1Q).
The effectiveness of multi-address feeders is ensured by the support of IGMP v.2, IGMP proxy, IGMP snooping and MVR.
To control the transfer of RS-232 and 10/100Base-TX ports.
You can configure the switches via the Web interface (SSL is supported, installation of up to five cloud records is possible, screenshots are included - , , ), telnet, SSH, FTP or the console port.
The port numbers of existing services can be changed.
Possibility of restricting access to IP addresses.
The web interface includes an additional assistance system.
Another model designed for connecting home users uses a centrally wired 4-port switch with VLAN 802.1Q binding to Fast Ethernet ports.
Like the 631st, it will continue to work with the provider, which will reduce the cost of maintenance.
| There are also samples of the ONU-634FA - both edge ports and cable TV output, which allows you to directly connect your TV to the GEPON modem. | ||
| ONU-634FA | Recommended prices for GEPON ownership | Model |
| Vartist ($) | 372/454 | 372/454 |
| Variety per subscriber ($) | 388/502 | 388/502 |
| The younger model of the switch has all GEPON ports and all types of Gigabit Ethernet ports (remember, devices with less bandwidth cannot be connected to them). | 23 939 | 47 |
| ONU-631HA-11/12 | 23 283 | 46 |
| ONU-634HA-11/12 | 1 317/2 670 | OLT-1308H |
OLT-2300M/OLC-2301HA-12
90 (for 512 subscribers)
For everyday use, you will also need splitters (approximate cost - from 400 rubles for 1×2 to 4000 rubles for 1×8, including models 1×32), an optical single-mode cable (the cost is equal to the price of the cable UTP: prices for fiber cable begin from 7-8 rubles per meter) and connectors (from 100 to 140 rubles per connection).
Testing of the described equipment in stock of the OLT-1308 switch and ONU-631A modems was carried out on a test platform from the ZyXEL company using the Ixia Chariot test package.
The results for one-hour work of one, two or three clients are shown in the table (packets of maximum size, Mbit/s).
In addition to the described acquisition, the ZyXEL company is introducing a new line of GEPON devices, which allows the creation of optical barriers of any scale with all the necessary keratinization systems and technologies for increased reliability i.