Teacher of biology and chemistry:
Medvedeva Katerina Oleksandrivna

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What are viruses?
Variety of virus sizes
History of virus infection
Budova virus
Power of viruses
Classification of viruses
Significance of viruses

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Variety of virus sizes

Smallest living organisms
Dimensions vary from 20 to 300nm
The average person has 50 times less bacteria
It is not possible to use a light microscope
Pass through a filter that does not allow bacteria to pass through

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HISTORY OF VIRUS VIRUS

In 1852, the Russian botanist Ivanovsky Dmitro Yosipovich extracted an infectious extract from the Tyutyu plant, which was infected with mosaic ailment.
A rod-like part of the Tyutin mosaic virus.
The numbers indicate:

(1) RNA genome of the virus,
(2) capsomere, which consists of only one protomer,
(3) mature capsid.

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In 1898, the Dutchman Beijerinck Martin Willem coined the term “virus” (from the Latin word for “cut off”) to indicate the infectious nature of filtered plants.

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BUDOVA VIRUS

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SIGNIFICANCE OF VIRUS1. ILLNESS OF PEOPLE

Cyp, mumps, flu, polio, skaz, fever, fever, trachoma, encephalitis, oncological (puffy) diseases, HIV/AIDS, warts, herpes.

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SNID. VIL.

Many people confuse two completely different concepts - HIV infections and illnesses on SNID. The difference lies in the fact that a person infected with the immunodeficiency virus may, over a long period of time, be deprived of a perfectly healthy person. Such a person does not become a problem for those who are absent.
Human immunodeficiency virus
Deadly dangerous virus SNID
Three-dimensional images of the SNID virus

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2. Illness of Creatures and Insects

1. The creatures of the virus cry out for foot and mouth disease, plague, tale;
2. In comas – polyedrosis, granulomatosis.
I'll tell you the virus

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3. ROSLYN ILLNESS

In roslins – mosaic and other changes in leaves and flowers, curly leaves and other changes in shape, dwarfism; found, in bacteria - their collapse.
Rabble fever, like other viral illnesses, does not spread.

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4. BACTERIOPHAGES – “BACTERIA EATERS”

1. Revealed in 1917 simultaneously in France and England.
2. Victory to cure illness caused by certain bacteria (plague, typhus, dysentery).

Schematic diagram of the T-phage of the intestinal coli with a mixed type of symmetry:

1 - cubical capsid head;
2 - double DNA portion;
3 – haircut;
4 - spiral-like capsid (case);
5-basal pay;
6 – tail fibrils.

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DYAKUYEMO FOR RESPECT!!!

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Wikilist list:

Adler M., Mortimer P., Beverly P., Sattentdu K. "Abetka SNIDu" Moscow world 1991.
Bocharov E.F., About the prevention of HIV infection, Medical newspaper No. 4, 2001.
Burdina K.S. and Parkhomenko I.M. "From molecules to people", 1998
Winchester A. "Fundamentals of everyday biology", 1999
Ershov F.I., Zhdanov V.M., Novokhatsky A.S. "The Chambers of the Third World", 2002.
Zakharov V.B., Mamontov S.G. "Zalna biology", 2002.
Paramedic of anti-light installations. View "Phoenix", 2003
Petrovsky B.V. "Popular Medical Encyclopedia", 1997.
Papirin A., Stronger prevention is still missing, Medical newspaper No. 62 08/16/2000
Pokrovsky V.I., Pokrovsky V.V.: “SNID” Moscow: Medicine 1988

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The development of living organisms.

Klitinnya

nonclinical forms of life

Vikladac

Z. M. Smirnova

Current system of organisms

Empire

Cellular organisms

Pre-nuclear

Overkingdoms

Kingdoms

(prokaryotes)

Drob'yanki

Nuclear (eukaryotes)

Gribi

Non-clinical organisms

Kingdoms

Growing

Tvarini

Viruses

Vira

Cyanobacteria or (blue-green algae)

eubacteria

viruses

The diversity of organic light

Empire of Klitinny

Empire Neklitinny

Kingdom of Roslini

Kingdom of Ghribi

Kingdom of Creatures

Kingdom of Virus

Rich

Eukaryotes

Kingdom of the Simplest

Single-room

Prokaryotes

Kingdom of Drob'yanka

Types of cellular organization

Eukaryotic

includes the superkingdom Eukaryotes.

Mayhem decorated core

and the system of internal membranes has been well developed. Genetic apparatus of representation by molecules DNA in a complex with proteins - histones, which package DNA into nucleosomes.

Prokaryotic

includes the superkingdom of Prokaryotes.

Do not tamper with the designed kernel

and membrane organoids. Genetic material – circular DNA molecule (Nucleoid).

DNA is not blocked by proteins, That’s why all her genes are active.

Overkingdom Prokaryotes

Structural and functional parts of prokaryotic cells:

Cytoplasm

Verkhneviy

Genetic

material:

device:

nucleoid – zone

plasmatic

cytoplasm great

membrane;

molecule

Supramembrane

DNA, closed

complex:

near the ring

mureinova

climax wall (Foldable to carbohydrate);

plasmids –

mucus capsule

short

kiltsevy

(vikonuє

I'll kill the function)

DNA molecules

flagella

Cytoplasmic structures:

Hyaloplasma:

mesosome

sol (in the friendly

minds)

(vp'yachuvannya

gel (with

plasmatic

trash

membranes)

minds,

membrane

organoids

will increase

daily, ex

cancel the function

gustina

hyaloplasma)

mesosomi.

ribosomes (dr_bnі)
cytoplasm

nonrukhoma, because

microtubules

every day

Overkingdom Eukaryotes

Structural and functional parts of eukaryotic cells:

Verkhneviy

apparatus

Cytoplasm

Core

nuclear
chromosomes
karyoplasm

hyaloplasm

plasmalem

(proteins,

lipids)

submembrane complex

(accumulation of microtubules and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton under the plasma membrane)

cytoplasmic

exact structures

(organoids and

included)

supramembrane complex

(at the creature's clitin - glycocalyx,

at Roslyn's Klittsa - Cell wall (cellulose),

gribi – chitin)

Research on eukaryotic organisms

PROKARYOTY

Size of clients

EUKARYOTY

1-10 µm

Metabolism

10-100 microns

Anaerobium or aerobium

Aerobnium

Organelles

Unnumerable (membrane indentations – mesosomes and fractional ribosomes).

Cytoplasm

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

Cell DNA in the cytoplasm (nucleoid)

DNA – organized into chromosomes and surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Involvement of cytoskeleton, flow of cytoplasm, endot exocytosis

Cell division, cell organization

Є cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic flow, endocytosis and exocytosis

Binary sex, mainly unicellular and colonial

Mitosis (or meiosis), important richness

Non-clinical forms of life

Viruses discovered by D. I. Ivanovsky (1892) for Tyutyun’s mosaic illness.

I. D. Ivanovsky

YouTube mosaic virus

The place of viruses in the system of living nature

Empire Non-clinical forms of life

Kingdom of Vir

Change in size

1/10 part of a red blood cell

Bacteriophage

(eukaryote-

scratch

klitina)

Adenovirus 90 nm

YouTube mosaic virus

250 x 18 nm

Rinovirus

Prion

200 x 20 nm

E. Coli (bacterium - coliform)

3000 x 1000 nm

Ways of penetration into the human body:

- a wind-speckled path in front of a sick person (flu, fever, vyspa);

- hedgehog (foot and mouth virus);

- through the damaged surface of the skin (skaz, herpes, inflammation);

- statevim shlyakhom (VIL, herpes);

- through blood-borne insects (mosquitoes - yellow fever, ticks - encephalitis, Crimean fever);

- during blood transfusions and operations, HIV and hepatitis B viruses are transmitted.

Roslyn's clients are amazed legacy of destruction integrity of the covers

Live forms of the virus

Two living forms of viruses are separated

Internal

– in the middle infected cell virus reveal themselves in the form of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and establish the “virus-clinitis” complex, building life and “virtuous” new

virioni.

Pozaklitina (rest) - Viral particles, or virions, what is made up of nucleic acids and

capsid (shells containing proteins and, sometimes, lipids).

Virion, in essence, is conglomerate of organic crystals

Budova to Virion:

Heartwood – genetic material

(DNA chi RNA)

Obolonka

Compound viruses

Forgive the viruses toil the shell

capsid, what is made up of protein subunits - capsomir

(flu, herpes etc.)

languish supercapsid :

capsid,
call two shari

lipids (Partina

plasmatic

membranes

Klitini-sovereign,

viral

glycoproteins

non-structural

proteins - enzymes

Virus

Tyutun mosaics

Features of the life of viruses:

Variety of forms and sizes of viruses

(from 10 to 300 nm)

Viruses of Roslin

(call revenge on RNA);

Viruses of creatures;

Osadzhennia;
Penetration of the virus into the cell:

The membrane of the virus and the outside is likely to be destroyed cytoplasmic membrane – the virus appears in clitini cytoplasm.

Stages of life for the virus

3. Ruining of viral protein membranes.

Enzymes with lysosomes destroy the capsid virus, that nucleic acid it's getting louder.

4. Synthesis of DNA from RNA virus.

5. Incorporation of viral DNA from cell DNA.

Suppressed functioning occurs genetic apparatus of the clitini.

Stages of life for the virus

6. Nucleic acid replication

acid to the virus.

7. Synthesis of capsid proteins. After replication, the biosynthesis of proteins begins in the virus capsid, which is formed by the ribosomes of the host cell.

8. Folding of virions

Begins when proteins and RNA accumulate to the virus

9. Exit of viruses from the cellulite

Compound viruses emerging from the cell will swallow up part of the cell membrane. Gentlemen, they create a supercapsid.

VIL infection

IL-infection – a progressive illness, which is characterized by changes in the immune system cells (lymphocytes, etc.) with the development of immunodeficiency (SNID) – the body is not able to resist everyday life From other infections and evil new creations.

U - Virus

І - immunodeficiency

H - Lyudin

Z – syndrome (complex of symptoms)

P – inflated (not innate)

І - immuno-

D - Deficiency (the body loses its capacity

treat various infections)

SNID – end, terminal stage of HIV infection

Viruses and illnesses that are caused by them

Viral conjunctivitis,

pharyngitis

Adenoviruses

Rubella

Rubella virus

Human papilloma virus

Warts, gostri papillomy

Grip

Orthomyxoviruses

Poliomyelitis, meningitis, HRV

Picornavirus

Hepatotropic viruses

Viral hepatitis

VIL – infection, T-cell leukemia – adult lymphoma

Retroviruses

Herpes simplex, chickenpox, herpes zoster

Herpesvirus

Poxvirus

Natural wax

Herpes virus

Flu virus

Budova:

head to take revenge on nucleic acid acid,

capsid that covers the head;

empty cut (tail) s

white cap;

tail threads

Reproduction of bacteriophages

Play a great role

in medicine it is widely

get stuck at

baths of rotten

get sick

wiklicanih

staphylococci etc.

Get stuck in the genny

engineering

vectors, what to transfer

DNA plots

Virgo

Virgo– germs of sickness, which are composed of a short fragment of circular, single-circle RNA, not covered with a protein coat, characteristic of viruses.

The first identified virus was the potato bulb virus

Prioni

– “Infectious proteins” do not contain nucleic acids, which cause severe illness of the central nervous system in humans and animals.

Cow's Tale

Prioni

A prion protein, which has an abnormal trivimer structure, can directly catalyze the structural transformation of a homologous normal cell protein into a similar protein (prion protein)

β-balls

α-helix

They create undesirable defects in brain tissue

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Presentation on the topic: Non-clinical forms of life

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Viruses litter the surfaces of ordinary people, so they are often not considered alive. The skin viral part consists of a small amount of genetic material (DNA or RNA) packed into a protein shell (capsid). A number of viruses contain carbohydrates and fats. As a result of the virus, there is no cellulitis in the solution of virus organisms. The infectious part formed on the surface is called a virion. Livoruch: YouTube mosaic virus (photo taken with an electron microscope with magnification one hundred thousand times). Right-handed: diagram of the virus; A red strand of RNA is released into protein molecules.

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The replication of viruses basically multiplies through the replication of other organisms. It occurs only in the middle of the host cell and includes three stages: 1. The viral nucleic acid multiplies by replication. 2. Capsid proteins are synthesized. 3. The folded virion occurs (formation of the viral part). Viruses are created in the middle of living cells, which are used to synthesize their nucleic acids and their proteins. Having consumed the entire cell, the virus loses its protein coat, its nucleic acid is formed and becomes a matrix for the synthesis of the protein coat of the virus from the host’s cells; In this case, the DNA of the ruler is inactivated. Viruses are transmitted from cells to cells via inert substances.

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Characteristics of viruses 1. Chemical storage of both organic substances and important inorganic components such as water and mineral salts, daily. 2. Viruses do not vibrate energy, and do not interact with hedgehogs. 3. Viruses do not grow and do not interfere with the exchange of speech

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The Significance of Viruses Viruses are the cause of many dangerous illnesses in people, creatures and plants. The stench is transmitted through direct physical contact, exposure to drops, physical contact, and other means. Viruses can be transmitted by other organisms (carriers): for example, the virus can be transmitted by a dog or a person. There are over ten groups of viruses that are pathogenic for humans. Among them are DNA viruses (virus, herpes group, adenovirus (sickness of cough and eyes), papovirus (warts), hepatitis B virus), and RNA virus (picornavirus (hepatitis A, polyoma Yelit, OR) mixoviruses (influenza, flu, mumps), arboviruses (encephalitis, yellow fever)). Viral illnesses date back to the emergence in 1981 of the human immunodeficiency virus, which is called SNID.

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Methods of transmission of viral illnesses Droplet infection is the primary way to widen respiratory illnesses. When you cough or cough, millions of tiny droplets of liquid (mucus and phlegm) are thrown out. These drops along with live viruses that are found in them can be inhaled by other people, especially in places where large numbers of people are crowded, and the ventilation is even worse. Standard hygienic practices for preventing nasal infections include proper cleaning of nasal plugs and ventilating the room. Some microorganisms, such as viruses, are resistant to drying and are stored in the saw to remove dried excess droplets. When microscopic musk flutters from your mouth, it is important to avoid this type of infection, especially if the microorganism is even virulent (infections). Contagious transmission (through direct physical contact). As a result of direct physical contact with sick people or creatures, quite a few illnesses are transmitted. Here we will find venereal (transmitted by state) diseases, such as SNID. Contagious viral illnesses include warts (papilomavirus) and simple herpes - “fever” on the lips. A carrier is a living organism that can carry an infection. It removes the infectious germ from an organism called the reservoir or host. The virus is preserved and transmitted to the same creatures, for example, a dog or a human. In these cases, the carrier acts as another host, in which pathogenic microorganisms can multiply. Mosquitoes can carry illnesses on the outer parts of the body.

Budova Viruses are composed of nucleic acid and protein shells and most likely a part, lower cell. The fragments of viruses are always one type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA. Viruses are composed of nucleic acid and protein shell and most likely a part, lower protein. The fragments of viruses always contain one type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA.

Similarity of viruses (hypotheses) Viruses are the result of extreme manifestations of regressive evolution of bacteria and other single-celled organisms. Viruses are an extreme manifestation of the regressive evolution of bacteria and other single-celled organisms. Viruses are based on ancient, pre-clinical forms of life of protobionts, which gave rise to the emergence of cellular forms of life, from which biological evolution began. Viruses are based on ancient, pre-clinical forms of life of protobionts, which gave rise to the emergence of cellular forms of life, from which biological evolution began. Viruses resemble the genetic elements of cells that have become autonomous. Viruses resemble the genetic elements of cells that have become autonomous.

Reproduction of viruses Replication of viruses reproduces as other organisms reproduce. The stench is created in the middle of living cells, which are used for the synthesis of their nucleic acids and their proteins. Having consumed the entire cell, the virus consumes its protein coat, its nucleic acid is formed and becomes a matrix for the synthesis of the protein coat of the virus from the host’s cells. Viruses multiply as other organisms multiply. The stench is created in the middle of living cells, which are used for the synthesis of their nucleic acids and their proteins. Having consumed the entire cell, the virus consumes its protein coat, its nucleic acid is formed and becomes a matrix for the synthesis of the protein coat of the virus from the host’s cells. protein synthesis protein synthesis

Sickness that is caused by viruses The good virus of the tuber mosaic, which has a rod-like shape and is an empty cylinder. The wall of the cylinder is made up of protein molecules, and the RNA helix is folded out of it. The protein coat protects the nucleic acid from the hostile minds of dowkill, and also prevents the penetration of cletin enzymes into RNA and its cleavage. A good virus of the Turkish mosaic, which has a rod-like shape and is an empty cylinder. The wall of the cylinder is made up of protein molecules, and the RNA helix is folded out of it. The protein coat protects the nucleic acid from the hostile minds of dowkill, and also prevents the penetration of cletin enzymes into RNA and its cleavage.

SNID SNID syndrome of full-blown immunodeficiency is an epidemic disease that primarily affects the human immune system, which protects it from various pathogenic microorganisms. SNID syndrome of full-blown immunodeficiency is an epidemic disease that primarily affects the human immune system, which protects it from various pathogenic microorganisms.

VIL Illness Disease SNID Virus Human Immunodeficiency (HIV). The VIL genome consists of two identical RNA molecules, which are composed of approximately 10 thousand. base pairs In this case, VIL, seen in various diseases on the SNID, is divided into one type for a number of bases (from 80 to 1000). The cause of the disease SNID is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The VIL genome consists of two identical RNA molecules, which are composed of approximately 10 thousand. base pairs In this case, VIL, seen in various diseases on the SNID, is divided into one type for a number of bases (from 80 to 1000).

The role of viruses in the biosphere The waters of the light ocean contain a colossal number of bacteriophages (about 250 million particles per milliliter of water). There are hundreds of thousands of species (strains) of viruses in the ocean, most of which have not been described and are no longer studied. The waters of the Light Ocean contain a colossal number of bacteriophages (about 250 million particles per milliliter of water). There are hundreds of thousands of species (strains) of viruses in the ocean, most of which have not been described and are no longer studied. Viruses play an important role in regulating the population size of various species of living organisms Viruses play an important role in regulating the population size of various species of living organisms

History In 1901, the first viral illness of people with fever was discovered. This was discovered by the American military surgeon W. Reed and his colleagues. In 1901, the first viral illness of people with fever was discovered. This was discovered by the American military surgeon W. Reed and his colleagues. and medicine). In 1911, Francis Routh discovered the viral nature of Rous's sarcoma cancer (only in 1966, 55 years later, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine). 1911 to 1966 to Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine In 2002, the first synthetic virus (poliomyelitis virus) was created at New York University. In 2002, the first synthetic virus (poliomyelitis virus) was created at New York University. 2002 to New York University