A printer is a peripheral device of a computer used for transferring text and graphics onto a physical medium, which is therefore stored in an electronic format.

There has been an increase in multifunctional devices (MFPs), which combine the functions of a printer, scanner, photocopier and telefax in one unit. This combination is rational technically and manually with robots.

Large-format printers are sometimes called plotters.

Classification

Based on the principle of transferring images to the nose, printers are divided into:

• letters;
• matrix;
• laser (also LED printers);
• strumenevi;
• sublimation;
• thermal,

Some printers (mostly inkjet photo printers) can be used as a stand-alone (without a computer) device, a flash card reader, or a port connected to a digital camera, which allows you to take other photographs directly from memory cards. or cameras.

A border printer is a printer that allows you to receive a separate network from multiple computers connected to a local network. Edge printer software supports one or more special data transfer protocols, such as IPP. This solution is the most universal, as it ensures the ability to display on other operating systems, which cannot be said about Bluetooth and USB printers.

Dot matrix printer

The image is formed by another head, which is formed by a set of heads (holster matrix), which are induced by electromagnets. The head is pressed in a row along the arch, when the heads are struck on the paper through the stitch, which forms, forming the dots of the image.

The main disadvantages of dot matrix printers are monochrome (although color dot matrix printers are also available at a very high price), low fluidity and high noise level, which reaches 25 dB.

High-speed line-matrix printers are also available, with a large number of heads evenly spaced on a rotating mechanism (fretting) across the entire width of the sheet.

Dot matrix printers, regardless of their popularity in the consumer and office spheres, can still be widely used in various areas (banking on the right - other documents for copying, etc.)

Strumenevy printer

The principle of operation is similar to dot matrix printers in that the images on the nose are formed into dots. Instead of heads with heads in ink-jet printers, the nozzle matrix (i.e. the head) is replaced with rare defects. The creative head can be embedded in cartridges with labels (most importantly, this approach is being used on office printers by Hewlett-Packard). In other models of office printers, replaceable cartridges are installed; the other head is not removed when replacing the cartridge. On most commercial printers, ink is supplied to heads secured in the carriage through an automatic ink supply system.

There are two ways of technical implementation of the method of sawing barnwood:

P'ezoelectric(Piezoelectric Ink Jet) - there is a piezoelectric crystal over the nozzle. When an electric stream is supplied to the element, the vein (depending on the type of the other head) is bent, pressed or pulled by the diaphragm, as a result of which a local area of ​​the nozzle moved under the pressure is created - a droplet is formed, like year is spent on the material. In some heads, the technology allows you to change the size of the droplet.

Termichny(Thermal Ink Jet) (also called BubbleJet, manufactured by the Canon company, the principle of disintegration is similar to the 1970s) - in dozens of units there is a microscopic heating element, which, when passed through an electric jet, is heated to temperatures and about a hundred degrees, when heated in ink Gas bubbles (English bubbles - the name of the technology) are created, which eject droplets from the nozzle on the nose.

Continuous Ink Jet - the feeding of the ink jet is carried out continuously, the fact that the ink jet hits the surface to be sealed is indicated by the ink flow modulator (a patent for this method is confirmed by Dr. William Thomson in 1 867 roci [dzherelo no day specified]). In the technical implementation of such another head, barberry is fed into the nozzle under a pressure, which at the exit from the nozzle is broken into a succession of micro droplets (with a volume of several tens of picolitres), which additionally indicates an electric charge. When the barnberry flows, the droplets are formed by a pezocrystal spread on the nozzle, on which an acoustic sound is formed (with a frequency of tens of kilohertz). The flow of droplets is suppressed by an electrostatic system that deflects (deflector). Those drops of barnberry that are not supposed to be applied to the surface that are sealed are collected in the barnberry collection and, as a rule, are returned back to the main reservoir with the barnberry. The first jet printer, produced using this method of feeding the fabricator, was released by Siemens in 1951.

Feeding - feeding the barberry from the nozzle of the other head is only done when the barberry effectively needs to be applied to the surface area to be sealed on the outer nozzle. This is the very method of feeding barn and obtaining the widest expansion in current inkjet printers.

Classification

For the type of wood material:

• Roll - equipped with systems for winding and winding roll material, suitable for use on self-adhesive paper, paper, canvas, banner fabric.
• Sheet solids - for use on PVC, polystyrene, foam board. The material is fixed on the frame using vacuum pressing or clamps. The carriage (equipped with a rotary drive along the X axis) is fixed on the portal, which at the same time collapses over the material (along the Y axis).
• Souvenir - movement of the workpiece along the head, along the Y axis is ensured by a servo drive on a rotary table, which is equipped with an adjustment mechanism for the position between the workpiece and the carriage (for use on workpieces of different types) soti). To get involved for a friend on disks, phones, marking of parts.
• Sheet paper - for use on papers and sheets of standard formats (A3, A4, etc.). Equipped with a mechanism for storing and rewinding sheet material.

In addition, inkjet printers for 3D three-dimensional forms are emerging.

For the type of vikory ink:

Solvent ink is the broadest type of ink. Solvent inks are cured in a wide-format and online format. Characterized by very high resistance to water and atmospheric precipitation. Characterized by viscosity, granularity and fraction of the solvent that is vicorized.

• Alcohol - they did not remove the wide congeal, the fragments of the head, which were used with alcohol ink, began to dry up quickly.
• Maslyany is used in industrial marking systems and for testing production heads.
• Pigmented - vikoristovuyutsya to capture images of high luminosity, in the interior and photo.
• UV-curable ink is used as an environmentally friendly replacement for solvent ink and for use on hard materials.
• Thermal transfer ink - made from rice thermal transfer ink - it is possible, with the help of a heat press, to transfer the overhand image from the lining to the fabric. Used for applying logos to clothes.

For recognition:

• Wide-format – the main purpose of wide-format advertising is modern advertising. Wide-format printers are characterized by a large arm width (usually 3200 mm), high arm speed (20 sq.m per year), and low optical separation capacity. The majority of large-format inkjet printers continue to be produced in China. Generators of large format printers: WitСolor, Jeti, DGI, Flora, Infiniti.
• Interiors – the area where the interior design is located – other interior design elements, other posters, information stands, armchairs. The main format is 1600 mm. Main manufacturers of internet printers: Roland, Mimaki.
• Photo printers are suitable for other photographs and print materials in small formats (ie on rolls 1000 mm wide). The color model is not thick, lower CMYK+Lc+Lm (six color layers), while the color model is supplemented with an orange color, white background, silver (to highlight the effects of metal), etc.
• Souvenirs - for sale on small parts, for others on disks and folding-shaped blanks. There are countless companies circulating: TechnoJet, Epson, Canon, HP etc.
• Offices - vary from photo printers to a variety of lights and sheet feeding of material. Main manufacturers of office printers: Epson, HP, Canon, Lexmark.
• Marking - switches on to the warehouse of flow lines. The double head, firmly fixed above the conveyor line, is used to apply marking on the parts that are collapsing.

Behind the ink supply system:

Uninterrupted, with the subtanks and heads moving on the same level (the pressure at the entrance of the heads is adjusted by the height of the subtanks).

Structure: canisters with ink --> pump --> filter --> filament path --> carriage --> gate valve --> subtanks, equipped with ink level sensors --> heads.

Uninterrupted, with subtanks, rotating more than heads. The pressure of the high pressure head on the head is equal to the vacuum system, which consists of a vacuum pump and vacuum control devices.

Structure: canisters with ink --> pump --> filter --> filament path --> carriage --> gate valve --> subtanks, equipped with ink level sensors and connected to the vacuum system --> heads.

Self-propelled. The heads and canisters with ink are connected by tubes that pass through the ink tract. A single intermediate element is a damper, which filters the ink and dampens the vibrations that occur when the rubber tract collapses.

Ink supply from cartridges that collapse at once from the carriage. The main advantage of this system is its low output. Shortcomings: a small supply of ink in the cartridges, the carriage is heavy with cartridges, the pressure at the inlet of the heads drops significantly, which causes a change in the level of ink in the cartridges.

The main characteristic of the printer is the type, quantity and size of other heads on the carriage. Photo printers and office printers are rarely equipped with more than one head in a leather color. This is due to low pressure until the hand is smooth, in addition, the fewer goals, the simpler and more effective the system of their calibration and reporting. Wide-format and internet printers are equipped with two heads for skin colors.

For effective drying and removal of sticky material, inkjet printers are equipped with bed heating systems.

In office printers, to change the flow rate and improve other characteristics, you can also install a continuous ink supply system (CISS), which is similar to a “gravity” feed system. The role of the damper is played by the cartridge.

Currently, inkjet printers in A4 and A3 formats are actively replacing color laser printers. This trend is due significantly to the lower cost and lower availability of waste materials that are used for laser printers, and the ease of maintenance of color laser printers, which only comes down to replacing toner and rollers. The greatest advantage of the string arm over the laser arm is the continuous beat, surrounded by a longer roll of material. On laser printers, the dovetail is surrounded by a long line of the crotch nose - the shaft or stitch. On great laser printers, dovzhina can reach a meter. On office inkjet printers, due to the extremely narrow specialization and automation of printers, the low productivity of the Hand Manager (Windows), the high productivity of programs that replace the Hand Manager (Windows), such to FlexiSign, Caldera and the full availability of the mechanisms required for use on roll feeders , as a rule, it is impossible to implement an uninterrupted contract of an uninterrupted life.

Sublimation printers

Thermal sublimation (likhtar) - the process of heating the barnberry once the rare phase has passed. Steam will immediately appear from the hard barnberry. The smaller the portion, the greater the photographic latitude (dynamic range) of color. The pigment of the skin of the main colors, and there can be three or more of them, is found on the edge (or on the black ball) of a thin lavsan strip (heat-sublimation printers from Mitsubishi Electric). The rest of the residual color is produced in a series of passes: the skin stitch is successively stretched under a tightly pressed thermal head, which is formed without the use of thermal elements. These remain, heating up, and turning out the barn. The spots, always small in size between the head and the nose, are in a stable position and come out even in a small size.

Serious problems with the sublimation hand can be attributed to the sensitivity of cured ink to ultraviolet radiation. If the image is not covered with a special ball that blocks ultraviolet radiation, then the farbee will inevitably bloom. When drying solid barberries and an additional ball, which is laminated, with an ultraviolet filter to darken the image, remove the beater, do not warp and tolerate moisture well, be more light and avoid aggressive media, and The price of photographs is increasing. For the full range of colors of sublimation technology, you have to pay for a great hour of skin photography (one photo of 10-15 cm with a Sony DPP-SV77 printer takes about 90 seconds). Production companies write about the photographic color width of 24 bits, which is more important, less effective. In reality, the photographic latitude of a color is a little more than 18 bits.

The most popular manufacturers of heat-sublimation printers are Canon and Sony.

Laser printer

Technology - the first modern laser method appeared in 1938 - Chester Carlson's new method, called electrography, then renamed xerography.

The principle of technology has fallen into place. A static charge is evenly distributed along the surface of the photodrum by a coronar (scotron) charge (charge shaft), after which a light laser (in light-emitting diode printers - a light line) distributes this charge in the required places It is clear that the image is placed on the surface of the photodrum. Toner is applied to the image drum. The toner is attracted to the discharged pads on the surface of the photodrum, which preserves the image. After this, the photoconductor is pumped through the paper, and the toner is transferred to the paper by a coronary transfer (transfer roller). After this, the paper passes through the fuser unit (kidney) to fix the toner, and the photodrum is cleaned of excess toner and discharged at the cleaning unit.

The first laser printer was EARS (Ethernet, Alto, Research character generator, Scanned Laser Output Terminal), its creations began in 1971 at the Xerox Corporation, and its serial production began in the other half of the 1970s. The Xerox 9700 printer could be purchased at that time for 350 thousand dollars, provided it was priced at 120 sides/xw.

Other printers

Drum printers. The first printer, which took the name UNIPRINTER, was created in 1953 by the Remington Rand company for the UNIVAC computer. The main element of such a printer is a drum that wraps around, on the surface of which relief images of letters and numbers are embossed. The width of the reel matched the width of the paper, and the number of rings with the alphabet matched the maximum number of symbols in a row. Behind the paper there was a line of hammers that were driven by electromagnets. At the moment of passing the required symbol on the drum, which turns around, the hammer hits the paper, pressing it through the barvystitch to the drum. In this manner, in one wrap of the drum it is possible to wrap the entire row. Farther on, the paper collapsed on one row and the car drove away. In the USSR, such machines were called alphanumeric devices that drukuyut (ADSPU). Their divisions can be recognized by a font similar to the font of the Drukar machine and letters that are “stripped” in a row. The output fluidity of the drum printer was lacking in comparison with all other conventional devices, but it was far from being the limit of the feasibility of this technology. The process was carried out on a roll of paper, through which the system specialists called the result of the distribution process “prostiradlom”.

Daisywheel printers are similar in principle to drum printers; they produce one set of letters that is printed on the rubber wheels of a plastic disk. The disk is wrapped, and a special electromagnet presses the required pellets to the barn line and paper. Since there is only one set of characters, it is necessary to move the drum head across the row, and the speed of the drum was significantly lower than that of drum printers. By replacing the disk with symbols, you could remove a different font, and by inserting a line of a non-black color, you could remove the “color” bit.

Ball printers (IBM Selectric) are similar in principle to daisy printers, but have a letterhead (handed head) in the shape of a stick with curved letters. This image formed the basis for the Wikipedia logo.

Train printer. Typing letters for fastenings on a caterpillar lancet;

Lantsyugov's other devices (chain printer). The placement of other elements on the plates connected at the lances was discussed;

Teletype printers were made from an electromechanical part, which is similar to an electric machine and a modem. Thus, an electric keyboard, an electromechanical symbol printer, and a device for receiving and transmitting information via a communication channel were combined into one block. Additionally, by connecting to the device for recording and reading the punched line, call it 5-row (5-bit).

Thermal printers from Xerox. They are characterized by a vitrified material - wax based on paraffin, which melts at 60 degrees. beyond Celsius.

Eco-friendly printer. The Japanese company PrePeat seriously thought about eliminating excess media and released a printer that does not bleed ink, toner, or paper. For others, thin white plastic is used. Before use again, the cartridge is automatically cleaned at the printer.

Internet printer

Recently, printers have appeared on the office equipment market, the software of which supports a direct connection to the Internet (via a router), which allows such a printer to function independently of a computer. This connection will ensure low additional capabilities:

• other documents or web pages directly from the printer display;
• other documents or web pages from any web device (including a remote one) without the need to install a printer driver on a new one;
• looking at the printer and going to work with each other for the help of any browser, regardless of the place of worship;
• more efficient and automatic updating of software security.

Most of the population of our planet is firmly convinced that all common printers fall into two categories: primary ones and “those that can be manipulated, copied and scanned”, in other words, interrupt any other processes. . However, in reality, this type of office equipment is subject to various classifications, about which many people would not guess.

This article applies to all types of printers – from the most primitive to the most modern. She talks about the types of smells that exist, their positive and negative sides, their significance and potential for use today. Also described here is a wealth of useful and interesting information and, as a result, the expert thought of leading fakists in the field of other technologies.

Types of printers

Nina has over ten different classifications of Drukar devices. In addition, the leather grade has its own hem in appearance, and as a result, the output is that of different printers. For a more comfortable identification of the identity of these viruses, they are classified according to the following parameters:

• in other words: alphanumeric and graphic;
• the principle of creating beats: shock and non-strike;
• color to each other: monochrome and rich colors;
• Connection options: darts and non-darts.

You should know that some office equipment has not been used for a long time, and some devices only appear in upcoming projects.

Printers that are most often sold

As has already been said above, there are a lot of different types of these peripheral devices, but not everything can be purchased in the store or brought to your home or office. The most popular and most frequently used printers are laser, inkjet and heat-sublimation printers. They are doing their own dirty tricks, which I feel like turning over or else they are giving in to one another.

Laser printer: for the office

From the first days, when this type of office equipment became available to everyone, until today, a laser printer has been an invisible part of any office. The reasons for this were the high liquidity and exceptional viscosity of the product in black and white mode. In addition, you can see the filthy reserves of barnberries, which, as a rule, are used up for long periods of time. However, “laser people” have proven themselves to be the best way to depict photographs with colors. It is also important to note that refueling the outlets is not very easy, expensive, and sometimes completely impossible.

Why is it more comfortable to use an inkjet printer at home?

We have state-of-the-art office equipment that creates more and fewer pieces without refilling. Alas, the support for this additional material is always high quality, especially in color format. In addition, such devices are supposed to be richly functional, so that, considering the apparent cheapness of the supplies, they are indispensable for use in households.

New generation sublimation printers

They have wonderful characteristics, including excellent color reproduction, brightness and contrast, as well as ease of maintenance and low noise. However, they have one even unacceptable power: those charged with their additional materials are even sensitive to ultraviolet radiation.

Based on the information given in this article, you can make a conclusion that no matter what, the printer has both pros and cons. Therefore, when choosing this device for yourself, be aware of the fact that you are likely to be victorious and may fail to meet your assigned goals.

Nowadays, it is difficult not to get lost in what types of printers are sold in stores, as well as the variety of manufacturers, models and brands. However, the choice needs to be consistent with the same technical characteristics of different devices, and the purchase will take more than one time.

What kind of stinks are there?

So, you have decided to buy a new printer, but you don’t know what types of printers there are or how to make your choice. At first you may realize that the task is not so simple, and your eyes will literally start to run wild, trying to take in all sorts of different models, types and brands, which still have absolutely vague descriptions and low parameters. However, in reality, all these difficulties are noticeable at first glance, and most importantly, what you need to know is what types of printers there are.

Today, stores sell the following types of printers:

• matrix;
• strumenevi;
• laser

There is also a category of photo printers specializing in photo printing for which a standard printer cannot be used. The type of information in such printers includes a variety of images, photographs, etc.

Matrix

These are the oldest printers among all those available today, which is why they are practically impossible to find in current stores. They obviously sacrifice their characteristics to other types of printers, which means that only inkjet and laser devices, including photo printers, are comparable.

Such devices exist, vikorista and the other half of the head, as if through a special stitch they hit the paper. Nowadays, due to the large number of few such printers, it is difficult to keep pace with them, as before, they stagnate at the terminals of railway stations and airports.

Few dot matrix printers

• The strength of the hand is quite low.
• The robot is noisy.
• Borderline low acidity.
• Bezlich obrezheni y plani kolorovaya druku.

Advantages of dot matrix printers

• The cheapest available materials.
• This works on any paper, which also expands the capabilities of various printers.
• Dosit a cheap mass drug on rich spherical forms, in connection with which these types of printers are used for other air tickets.

Strumenev printers

In such printers, ink is sprayed onto the paper through very fine nozzles in the head of the other. Today, you can choose either color or black and white printers. Often these types of printers offer the ability to produce black and white prints, but also the ability to vary colors.

The quality of such printers is also obviously low, but here comes another problem - the high quality of original printed materials. There are practically no differences between the types of inkjet printer, but there are advantages and disadvantages.

Few inkjet printers

• In order to ensure a full color print, vikorist and basic types of inkjet type printers, it is necessary to add thick or high oxidation paper, otherwise the paper may simply spill.
• The farb will hang for a long time after the hand, so you can grab the arm if you suddenly touch it with your hand. And if you suddenly throw water onto a bottle, onto which a stream of inkjet printer has been applied, then in this case the image will be completely sealed.
• Minimum hand fluidity when printed with a seal on a specialized laser printer.
• The head may dry out. This very moment is the most important, especially since at this moment the other head is located directly in the printer itself. If you haven't used the printer for a long time, then in such a situation the process will dry out and cause a blockage in the nozzles, and the head can dry out so much that the printer just has to be thrown out.

Advantages of inkjet printers

• The price of the outbuildings themselves. It looks like cheap laser printers, and as soon as you see the fluidity of a black and white hand, it increases almost insignificantly.
• The power of a colorful hand.
• The noise during the hour is practically unbearable for those who are away.
• Possibility of additional refilling of the cartridge. If your other head is located directly in the cartridge, then in this case you can simply refill it instead of buying a new one.

On the last point, it should be noted that not all types of printer cartridges can be refilled in this manner. In connection with this, it is better to know in advance about those who have the option of standard refueling or you will have to constantly buy new components.

What are the other heads like?

The first option is if the other head is placed directly on the cartridges. This option is, in fact, disposable, but in the most important case, it is easy to see up to three refills, in which case its potency remains high, and for this reason there are the best reasons refill the ink tank several times before replacing again cartridge for a new one.

However, refilling may cause problems, including changing the power supply, the head becoming jammed, or causing damage to the printer. And if you have not used original materials in this period and used non-original types of ink for the printer, you will no longer be able to repair the equipment under a guarantee.

The obvious and main advantage of this cartridge is that when the other head dries out, it is enough to simply replace the cartridge in order for your printer to come back to work.

Another option is if the head is retracted directly into the printer itself, and when replacing the cartridge there is no need to replace the ink tank, which is much cheaper. However, in this case you will need to carefully watch the other head, even if the paste is dry in it or the vine is too wet, then in this case you can completely throw away your printer, since it will simply not be repairable equal to the price of a new building.

That’s why you would like to just turn on the printer once a week, because at the hour when it’s turned on, the head begins to prepare the robot, pushing the paste through the nozzles. By steadily purchasing new original cartridges, you may be able to increase the durability of your other head by turning off the ability to detect it, otherwise the other one will become even more expensive.

A great advantage of inkjet printers is the ability to use specialized refill cartridges or a continuous ink supply system, which allows you to create printing at an order of magnitude cheaper.

Laser printers

The principle is similar to that of different types of laser printers, which is similar to that of standard photocopiers - another photo drum is specialized, and instead of a light lamp, a laser laser is used. The image in this form is formed by transferring a special powder toner onto a paper, which then melts as it passes through the edges of the roller and remains fixed on the surface of the paper.

Types of printers and their characteristics may be different, but there are only two main varieties - either color or black and white, which means that color devices today can become expensive, including the quality I’ll install it myself, and the price of the next step. However, the purchase of such devices is entirely due to the fact that people are engaged in professional color activities on a large scale.

Thus, the only significant disadvantage of a laser printer is that, in principle, there is a sense of purchasing it, including for a black and white friend, and the viability of this printer is to satisfy dear customers, especially since the device transmits the function of “protection of images” refueling."

What kind of shortcomings do laser printers make?

• The device is reliable, especially if the device does not interfere with the refilling of cartridges.
• It is necessary to flash the printer in certain situations in order to eliminate the possibility of refilling the cartridge. If in this situation you will lose your right to the possibility of canceling warranty service, the risk of the firmware itself will be high, so this option will no longer be relevant, and it would be better to buy a device that doesn’t require such protection right now.

Advantages of laser printers

• The liquidity of the hand is extremely high - the image can be applied in a practical mittevo.
• The ideal brightness of the image is independent of how the ink is used for each specific skin type.
• Reliability of the captured image. In other words, as soon as you put your hand on the back of your hand and quickly drain the water, you will not get any negative consequences regardless of how you see the paper for the printer.
• Mayzhe is a noiseless robot.
• The quality of waste materials is remarkably low. First of all, with the low price of the cartridge itself, it is entirely necessary to create a large number of images, in which case, whenever necessary, the cartridge can be refilled or refilled, changing in the middle of a new range and elements.

Photo printers

Photo printers are devices that are becoming more common because most people rely on the term “printer.” The types of such devices can be different, but first of all they can be altered in order to differentiate the color images of the main elements, including all kinds of posters, photographs or leaflets. In other words, there is more professional possession, the stagnation of which is in everyday and living assignments and not purposeful.

The principle here is the same: a specialized line is pressed against the paper and is gradually heated, after which the liquid applied to the line begins to penetrate directly into the polyester covering the paper. Such devices may be even more efficient than standard string devices, but their expensive materials may command a lower price.

In addition to different types of 3D printers, they do not smell anything different from the work on the paper.

Yak vibrati?

It is necessary to select a printer according to your needs and financial capabilities. The characteristics are as follows:

• Dozvil;
• softness of the hand;
• processor and memory;
• connection interface;
• support for various operating systems (relevant for older types of printer);
• characteristics of other and different additional parameters.

Please note that the thickness and color of the cartridge is also highly appreciated if you are choosing color inkjet printers. Finally, it is important to carefully store the resource on the sides of the cartridge.

In addition, be sure to ensure both the quality of the device itself and the quality of the subsequent installation. Zokrema, before the remaining parameter you can enter the price of cartridges, which may be original or non-original. Please also pay attention to the availability of refills, consumable materials and paper that are suitable for your device.

One of the purposes of a computer is to create an overwritten version of a document or a so-called hard copy. The printer itself is a necessary accessory of the computer. However, this does not mean that the printer is responsible for reaching the skin's computer.

With a wider range of local networks, one printer can serve many customers.

Scanners are most often used in the artistic departments of companies, but they can be found used in households.

There are currently a large number of printers on the market, with different characteristics. The criteria for choosing one or another printer will also be described. We will look at the basics of hand technology, types of printers and their functional capabilities.

Technologies at hand

Today there are three main technologies in use.

Laserna. A laser printer operates in this way: an electrostatic image of the side is created on a photosensitive drum using a laser exchanger. When placed on the drum, specially fermented powder, called toner, “sticks” only to the same area as the letters or images on the page. The drum rotates and presses against the paper's arch, transferring the toner to the new one. Once the toner is fixed on the paper, the image will come out ready. A similar technology is used in copy machines.

LED printers produced by Okidata and Lexmark operate similarly. Instead of a laser, they use an array of light-emitting diodes.

Strumenevo-Chornilna. In inkjet printers, ionized droplets of ink are dispersed through the nozzles onto the paper. Discoloration occurs in these places, where it is necessary to form letters and images.

Speck Matrix. Dot matrix printers have a group of round heads that run along the arch of the paper through the bar stitch. These heads are made of a straight mesh, called a matrix. When the singing heads are pressed against the matrix, various symbols and images are formed.

Laser printers provide the most power, followed by jet printers, and then matrix printers. The price of laser printers is gradually decreasing, so they are becoming available to a wide range of buyers. Nowadays, inkjet and matrix printers are becoming more specialized: inkjet printers become the main devices for color printing, as well as for the market, and matrix printers are used mainly for high-end and inexpensive products (for example, at a bank or store for other receipts ).

Today it is practical, in specialized areas, to use laser and inkjet printers. This section covers the basics of printer technology implemented in different types of printers.

Dozvil

The term has been used to describe the contrast and brightness of the over-armed image. In all of the technologies considered, the image is created along the same path as a point on the paper. The separateness of the printer, and therefore the capacity of the hand, depends on the size and number of these dots. When looking at the page with a low section on a dot matrix printer, you can use an unbroken eye to draw the mark from the point where the characters are formed. This is due to the fact that the points reach great heights and loom a new size. And when looking at the page, which is designed with a high section on a laser printer, the symbols have a “serious” appearance, the dots are much smaller and appear in different sizes.

Allow the printer to change dots per inch; In other words, a number of nearby dots that can stretch the printer along a line of one inch. For most printers, the separate part is defined by two directions - vertical and horizontal. Thus, under separate conditions, 300 dip is equal to 300x300 pixels per square inch. A printer with a separate 300 dip unit can print 90 thousand. pixels per square inch of paper. There are printers that have separate outputs for two different directions (for example, 600x 1200 dip). This printer can print 720 thousand. pixels per square inch.

It is important to understand the difference between the separate parts of the printer and monitor. The term “separation” on PC monitors means the number of pixels, for example 640x480 or 800x600. If you change this to a “printer” standard, you will get 50-80 dip. Based on the actual size of the image (even the width) on the monitor screen and based on the number of pixels, you can calculate the size of the monitor in dots per inch.

Well, it’s not possible to understand the WYSISWYNG (What YouSee IsWhat You Get) technology completely. The printer with the lowest separate part has another larger number of dots below that are displayed on the monitor.

The three main types of printers use different methods of creating images on paper and different materials: powder toner, ink or fabric stitch. The following sections tell you how images are created on paper for each type of printer.

Laser printers

The process of printing a document on a laser printer consists of the following stages: - connection; processing of tributes; format; roseterization; laser scanning; toner refill; Toner fixation.

While different printers complete their actions in different ways, most printers complete the same sequence of actions. For example, inexpensive printer models rely heavily on computer processes, while more expensive and sophisticated models rely mostly on expensive hardware and software.

LED printers

These printers were developed by Okidata and entered the market as an alternative to laser printers. In both types of printers, the same principles are used for creating images on paper, with the exception of a device that is used to neutralize the light-sensitive drum. Laser printers use a laser, while light-emitting diodes (as the name suggests) use an array of light-emitting diodes.

In terms of productivity and brightness, LED printers do not compromise on similar models of laser printers. They are sometimes called “laserless laser printers” and are manufactured by Okidata and Lexmark.

Strumenev printers

The processes for interpreting data with a string and laser beam are basically similar. The difference lies in the fact that inkjet printers require less memory and a less demanding computing system. This very dignity places them in the lower class of rank. Changes to the memory installed in the printer can lead to the fact that in such printers buffers are used instead of buffers for entire pages.

The main difference between inkjet and laser printers is related to the process of forming the image on the paper. The technology used in inkjet printers is much simpler than that of laser printers; It requires less expensive materials. Instead of the folding process in which toner is placed on a drum and then transferred to a paper, inkjet printers rarely spray the ink directly onto the paper - the same place where a laser printer forms a mass of inks. Simplifying the process is practically ideal due to the use of inkjet technology in portable printers.

Currently, there are two main types of steam flow: thermal and electrical. These terms describe the technology of spraying ink from a cartridge through nozzles. The cartridge is folded into a reservoir with thin ink and small (about one micron) openings, like ink placed on a paper. The number of openings is stored in a separate printer and can range from 21 to 256 (or more) per color. Color printers have several (or more) reservoirs with different color inks (black, purple, yellow and black). By mixing these four colors, you can create any color. Some printer models have one cartridge with three reservoirs of color ink (black, magenta and yellow).

Portable printers

Portable printers use two different technologies for creating images on paper. The Citizen models have a unique thermal technology with a special stitch that cooks, and another head that has 60 degrees. The main disadvantage of these printers is the limited resource of the stitching line: 30 black and white pages or 5 color ones, as well as low output - maximum 360 dpi. Portable printers from Sanon and Brother are miniature copies of basic desktop inkjet printers and provide 720 dpi and a cartridge resource of several hundred pages.

Dot matrix printers

Unfortunately, dot matrix printers have always been the most popular due to their small size, low output and high reliability. However, after the decline in prices for laser printers and the appearance of inkjet printers, the markets for dot matrix printers began to change catastrophically. Regardless of those who still manage their tasks miraculously, the robots need to be “noisy”, run with a low volume and often crush the paper.

Dot matrix printers, like laser and inkjet printers, do not form the side of the document. In a dot matrix printer, the paper is placed on a vertical tray and moves in a row behind additional rollers. The secondary head moves horizontally using a special straight line and places the matrix from metal heads (most often it consists of 9 or 24 heads), which creates images on the paper. Between the heads and paper a barn stitch is sewn, like on a Drukarsky car. The dots (through the stitching) create a number of small dots on the paper, thus creating the image. While it is impossible to achieve high resolution for graphic images on dot matrix printers, such printers are mainly used for text documents.

On almost all dot matrix printers you can print both frames and paper rolls.

In one place, dot-matrix printers have not yet created positions - not just banks and the sphere of trade.

Colorful druk

A color printer becomes an invisible attribute of a professional designer, artist or constructor. The simplification of inkjet technology has led to the fact that almost all printers began to produce inexpensive models of color printers, aimed mainly at the home and office computer market.

There are a number of different types of color printers, most of which are adapted to the same monochrome technology. As a rule, color printers have a number of colors (depending on the number). Color inkjet printers have larger and larger reservoirs of color ink, while laser printers have more color toner. As with a color offset printer, you can create almost any color on a color printer by mixing the same proportions of four main colors - black, purple, yellow and black. This color model is also called the SMYK color model. Some inexpensive printer models come in three colors (without black). The black color is a combination of the maximum proportion of three colors. However, rejection as a result of color varies from what can be recovered from vicor and black farb.

With most color printers, to create a different color, you can’t simply mix the colors, like an artist does with a farby. This printer has different colors. For example, the inkjet printer is aligned with a point so that it does not overlap, at which point the skin is aligned with a solid color. The number of dots of one color in a view indicates the resulting color. The process of creating a song color is similar to creating an image on the monitor screen: to form the required color, three dots are drawn around it - red, green and blue pixels.

The separate availability of several color printers is insufficient to produce a clear image. Over the course of an hour on such a printer, you can increase the number of dots. The cumulative effect (around the points of the image merge into a single picture) only appears when looking at the over-armed image at a clearly large level in front of the eyes: near the marked edges of the point.

When choosing colors, you will need a folding device to connect your printer and computer.

Regardless of the emphasis on color in the main language descriptions of pages, many printer manufacturers use power technologies (producing power drivers).

Currently, many programs have been created that can change color options. A good test for any printer is another photo. For example, for other diagrams from electronic programs, a table can be used almost any color, which cannot be said about creating photographs with natural colors. Some printers have six colors instead of just four for fine photography. If you want to remove the brightness of another illustrated multi-color magazine, a jet printer will be powerless here. Sometimes other methods are different.

When changing color and monochrome hands, two important parameters come into play: hand fluidity and varity. For color printers, less fluidity will result in greater luminosity. This hardening can be applied to most inkjet printers. Therefore, in the future, separate color and monochrome prints from each other on an inkjet printer. So, for example, for another single-sided sheet, there will be no need to stamp until the multi-color material for presentation is prepared. The cost of color printers ranges from hundreds to thousands of dollars. However, there is another aspect of the friendliness: the friendliness of waste materials. With monochrome printing, one cartridge with ink or toner is enough for thousands of pages. However, the capacity of the cartridge is quite low.

Otherwise, deal with the colorful one. Most often, the color image is richer than monochrome. Decals for the printer require special, expensive paper grades. In addition, it is more expensive to purchase color cartridges with ink or toner. The value of the other side also depends on the number of different colors, for example, other photographs will be much more expensive than other pictures.

Now let's move on to a look at the main technologies of the color brush.

Printers with “curable” ink

There are “solid” jet printers, in which solid jets are used instead of rare ink. Such models are manufactured by Tektronix (a subsidiary of Herox). During the process, the haircut is melted and the mixture is transferred to the drum, and from there to the paper. With such printers, images are created the same way as with monochrome laser printers. The main advantage of “solid” inkjet printers versus color laser printers is the availability of less than one drum before the image is created. All image colors are created on one reel.

In this way, the softness of the hand will increase fourfold, and in addition, the strength of the hand will improve.

In the “hard-jet” process, the paper is not resistant to heating and pouring out the displaced moisture, so more inexpensive varieties of paper can be used. In addition, servicing such printers is much simpler.

Color sublimation losses

Color sublimation (or thermal color transfer) is a technology that combines a line with a wide range of fabrics and printers that heat up almost to a gas-like state. Before applying it to the papier, mix it to match the required color. These types of printers can print 256 colors of skin; Thus, the palette of colors reaches 16.7 million colors. As a result, with such a printer it is possible to produce photographic quality at hand.

Regardless of the amazing power of the hand, sublimation printers are expensive and require a special type of paper. In addition, do not forget about the cartridge quality! Color sublimation printers are comparable to thermal wax printers, although they have different color-based technologies. Several printer manufacturers release models that support both technologies. This allows you to use thermal technology with applied wax (which is cheaper) for everyday use, and color sublimation technology for residual or other types of high-quality material.

Thermal printers with wax applied

These printers use wax-based ink, similar to solid ink. It must be melted before applying to papier. This process can be carried out more frequently than sublimation, and it does not require special grades of paper. Printers of this type are distinguished from other inkjet printers with greater efficiency.

Several portable printer models from Vikoryst companies use a different type of wax-based ink melting process. They have a primary head, like dot matrix printers, and a line that “farms” (a layer for the black and residual hand).

Select printer type

There are thousands of printer models on the market, so choosing the model that suits your needs can take a lot of time. Besides the price, there are criteria by which you can select a printer.

The speed of both laser and inkjet printers varies in pages per hour, and in dot matrix printers – in characters per second. Increasing the fluidity of the hand and separate parts results in increased printer performance. For a home printer, hand speed is not of particular importance, but for an office this parameter becomes quite relevant, especially if the printer uses a bunch of printers. Another important parameter that is closely related to this is the printing cycle - the number of pages that the printer loads in a given period of time (mostly in a month).

The basic rule is: a decrease in the speed of the printer’s hand is caused by a change in the cycle.

There is another important factor in evaluating a printer - the type of paper you are reviewing. Under this, it is important to understand that there are special types of paper for printing on inkjet and other types of printers, as well as the size of the paper, as well as its thickness. Almost all printers work with standard letter paper sizes in the USA and in Europe; In addition to these sizes, a number of other paper formats are supported. It is also necessary to understand how the printer works with different paper formats. A number of printers are equipped with a number of trays for paper paper, and trays from them can be customized for several types. When choosing an office printer, consider the number of paper trays. When purchasing a printer, please inquire about how you can purchase large grades of paper and envelopes at any time. The paper on a thick paper will fold correctly because the printer uses a special tray, and the paper will not bend over time. The ability to use on inode envelopes is implemented as an additional module.

The quality of the materials used is the most important parameter when choosing a printer. The paper, color specifications (toner cartridge, ink cartridge or bar line) are applied to the worn-out materials and the thickness of the printer is applied. For skin type printers, a special type of paper is required. Naturally, this papier is most precious. In laser printers, you can select a number of grades of paper, while for an inkjet printer (especially color printers) a different grade is required. The choice of paper depends on the type of other documents: for internal use, you can choose cheaper types of paper, and for other types you will need to choose a better paper. Having decided on the color, you need to pay for the “price per sheet” by dividing the cartridge’s output into the number of paper papers you choose to use for this cartridge. As well as the fluidity of the hand, this parameter should be stored in the filling of the arch. Printing graphic images over and over again consumes more toner or ink. For laser printers, the price of toner depends on the model of the printed cartridge. In some printers, the toner cartridge contains a photosensitive drum and a toner dispenser unit, which promotes its output. Do not use laser or inkjet printer cartridges. Try to find companies that renew replacement cartridges. Renewal and refill cartridges (in which you can also clean the photosensitive drum) can be removed a number of times, thereby protecting the cost.

In addition to the quality of the materials, when choosing a printer, it is necessary to pay attention to the ease of use and normal operating modes. The remaining printer models support an expanded energy-saving system and switch to a low-energy mode in case of extreme inactivity. Don’t forget that, in addition to saving money, you save a lot of money.

Before you get a printer, you need to outline all the possibilities that you are responsible for. At home, you can get by with a basic inkjet printer with the capabilities of a color printer. If you need high document density, use laser printers. Well, since you constantly move with your computer, you need a portable printer.

2. Table processors: document structure (box, sheet, book, work area), book attributes, types of boxes and methods of specifying them

Electronic tables – e Spreadsheets provide comprehensive capabilities for storing and processing different types of data. The most popular spreadsheet processors are Microsoft Excel (for Windows), Lotus 1-2-3 and Quattro Pro (for DOS and Windows).

The Excel spreadsheet processor also supports the advanced functional capabilities of text processors, such as macro editing, prompt diagrams, autocorrect and spell checking, style matching, templates, data auto-formatting, data exchange. In addition to other data, the detection of a faulty pre-production system, other parameters and other service settings Possibility.

The Excel spreadsheet processor is completely unique in creating a table in the form of different formats, sorting, filtering, statistical analysis of arrays, and the basis of their diagrams.

We will describe the main key concepts that you learn every hour of working with the Excel spreadsheet processor.

The workbook is the main Excel document. It is saved in a file with additional names and xls extensions. During the creation or opening of the workbook, it is instead presented in a separate window. Leather book for the industrial area to take revenge on 16 working arches.

Sheets are used for creating and saving tables, diagrams and macros. Arkoosh consists of 256 rows and 16,384 rows.

The middle is the smallest structural unit for placing data in the middle of the worksheet. You can change the appearance of text, numeric values, formulas or formatting parameters. When you enter data, Excel automatically recognizes the type of data and identifies the operations that can be performed on it. Instead, the middle ones are divided into weekends (to pour in) and long-term ones. The remaining entries contain formulas that may be sent to other parts of the table. Also, the values ​​of stale middles are calculated instead of other (which are added) middles in the table. The middle, vibrating beyond the help of the indicator, is called an active or precise middle.

Addresses in the middle of the assignments and destinations in the middle in the table. There are two ways to write the address of the middle:

1. The letter contains the row number of the table, which can be preceded by a $ sign, which indicates absolute addressing. This method follows the rules and is called A1 style.

2. Indicate the row number and column number following the letter R and C. Numbers of rows and columns can be placed near the square arm, which indicates a specific address.

A formula is a mathematical notation that calculates what is calculated over the data in the table. The formula begins with a symbol or a mathematical operator and is recorded in the table. The result of the formula is the calculation of the value. This value is automatically recorded in the mailbox, where the formula is available.

A function is a mathematical notation that can be used to describe the history of calculation operations. The function is formed by replacing one or several arguments placed on the round arm.

The middle indicator is a frame, behind which the active middle of the table is visible. The player moves behind the mouse or presses the cursor key.

A list is a specially designed table that can be used to work from a database. In such a table, each column is a field, and each row is a record in the database file.

Excel functions are used for calculating standard calculations in workbooks. The values ​​that are used to calculate functions are called arguments. The values ​​that are rotated by functions as evidence are called results. In addition to the added functions, you can use the calculating functions of the account manager, which are created using additional features of Excel.

To use the function, you need to enter it as part of the formula in the worksheet. The sequence of symbols that appear in a formula is called function syntax. All functions follow the same basic syntax rules. If you break the rules of syntax, Excel will inform you about the errors in the formula.

Since the function appears on the beginning of the formula, it must convey a sign of equality, as in any other formula.

Function arguments are written in round circles next to the function name and are supported by one type of symbol with a dot followed by " ; ". The handles allow Excel to indicate where a list of arguments begins and ends. In the middle of the arms there are arguments. Keep in mind that when recording a function, the locking arms will be opened and closed, so you should not insert gaps between the function and the arms.

As arguments, you can use numbers, text, logical values, arrays, meanings of pardons or messages. Arguments can be either constants or formulas. In its own way, these formulas can replace other functions. Functions that are arguments to another function are called nestings. In Excel formulas, you can select up to seven levels of nested functions.

The input parameters that are specified are only valid for the given value argument. All functions can take unnecessarily complex arguments, which can be carried out every day during the calculation of the function's value.

For clarity, the functions in Excel are divided into categories: database and list management functions, date and time functions, DDE/External functions, engineering functions, financial, information I will look at these logical functions and send them. In addition, the following categories of functions are present: statistical, textual and mathematical.

For further help text functions It is possible to process the text: select symbols, find the necessary ones, write symbols in a strict place in the text, and much more.

For further help date and time function You can determine practically any task related to the date and time (for example, calculate the age, calculate the length of work, calculate the number of working days for any period of time).

Logical functions help to create complex formulas, which are necessary for the understanding of these and other minds to create different types of data processing.

Excel is widely represented mathematical functions. For example, you can perform various operations with matrices: multiply, find, transpose.

For further help statistical functions Statistical modeling can be carried out. In addition, it is possible to analyze elements of factor and regression analysis.

In Excel, you can perform advanced optimization and Fourier analysis. Zokrem, Excel implementations of the algorithm of a quick transformation of Four'e, with the help of which you can use the amplitude and phase spectrum.

Excel has over 400 new functions. Therefore, you can easily enter the formula, the name of the function and the values ​​of the input parameters from the keyboard. Excel has a special feature for working with functions Master of functions
. When working in this way, you are first prompted to select the required function from the list of categories, and then in the dialog box you are prompted to enter the input values.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

FEDERAL POWER BUDGETARY ESTABLISHMENT

HIGH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"BASHKIR STATE PEDAGOGICAL CENTER

UNIVERSITY IM. M. AKMULI"

Institute of Historical and Legal Information

Department of Foreign History and Cultural Decline

CONTROL ROBOT

OTHER DEVICES. PRINCIPLES OF IX ROBOTICS

Vikonala:

5th course OZO

specialty "DiDOU"

Entry 3

1. Printers 4

1.1. Concept of printer and vidi 4

1.2. History of printer development 6

2. Principles of robotic printers 8

2.1. Principle of dot matrix printer robot 8

2.2. The principle of a robotic laser printer.

2.3. Principle of robotic inkjet printer 12

3. Grafobudivniki 16

4. Fax machine 18

Visnovok 19

References 20

ENTRY

p align="justify"> A personal computer (PC) is not one electronic device, but a small complex of interconnected devices, each of which has different functions. Often the term “PC configuration” is used to mean that a particular computer can work with a different set of external (or peripheral) devices, such as a printer, modem, scanner, etc. The efficiency of a PC is greater. which measure depends on the number and types of external devices, which may be stocked at your warehouse. External devices will ensure interaction between the device and the PC. The wide range of modern devices, the diversity of their technical, operational and economical characteristics make it possible for you to select PC configurations that best suit your needs. I need to ensure the rational implementation of my task.

There have been discussions about “paperless” technology for a long time now, so it’s still important to understand how to work normally with a computer without the help of a manual device. Most often, you need a copy on paper of any other document, a small one that is on file on your computer.

Within the framework of this work we will consider such other devices as printers, plotters and fax machines.

1. PRINTER

1.1 Concept of a printer and classification of printers

Computer printer (printer - drukar) - a device for storing digital information on a hard nose, call it a paper. Go to the terminal devices of the computer.

The process is called derivation, and the document is a deconstruction or a hard copy, which is the result.

Printers are a great class of devices. In order to further explore this class of devices, they need to be classified. Printers can be classified based on different signs, for example, based on the speed at which text information is displayed (this parameter is measured in the number of characters displayed per hour; for modern printers, this parameter can reach several thousand characters per second), per separate area (this parameter reflects the printer's ability to output fractional lines and dots and appear to be the maximum number of lines, equal to their width, per square centimeter or inch. However, the simplest (and simplest) way is to classify printers based on the principle of displaying graphics and texts oh information, so that the principle of its structure.

Based on the principle of displaying text and graphic information, printers are divided into:

1. Matrix

2. Strumenevi

3. Laser

And behind the color there are black and white (monochrome) and colors. Some laser printers also have a different type of LED printers.

Monochrome printers produce a number of gradations, ranging from 2-5, for example: black - white, single-color (or red, blue, or green) - white, rich (black, red, blue, green) - white.

Monochrome printers have their own niche and are unlikely (in the near future) to be entirely color-printed.

Matrix printers, unimportant to those who respect them as outdated, are still actively used for printing (mainly for continuous supply of paper, in rolls) in laboratories, banks, accounting departments, libraries for printing cards, for each other on rich balls forms (for example, on airline tickets), as well as in cases where it is necessary to copy another example of a document through a carbon copy (both copies are signed through a carbon copy with one signature to prevent unauthorized changes from being made to the financial document).

There are a number of printer models that differ in terms of speed, productivity and other characteristics.

The main characteristics of the printers are:

1. the number of heads or nozzles (behind the laser one), which means the strength of the arm;

2. fluidity of hands, initial productivity of the printer;

3. number of integrated fonts;

4. paper format and type of paper supply (automatic or automatic).

There has been an increase in multifunctional devices (MFPs), which combine a printer, scanner, copier and fax in one device. This combination is rational technically and manually with robots. Wide-format (A3, A2) printers are sometimes called plotters.

1.2 History of the creation and development of printers

The printer, or drukar, together with the word-creating vocabulary of the Russian language, is a series-long typesetting machine with a revolving matrix.

The appearance of the concept “printer” is inextricably linked with EOM. The first serial computer was created in 1951 in the USA by Remington Rand. It was called UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) and was published in 46 copies. Computers can produce 400 to 2000 computational operations per second, which at that time was extremely fast. Obviously, EOM was immediately fascinated by various tasks, the results of which required documentation. For whom a staff of drukharok was obtained; Ale virazu vinykla low problems. First, the computer displays data on the screen or a system of indicators. Some information needed to be read, understood and re-educated, and not all professional staff were ready. The “human factor”, having introduced a number of allowances, which, especially at the intermediate stages of calculation, was too expensive. In another way, the calculated information was a commercial or military secret, or offensive at the same time. Therefore, the speed of the other machines increased, and already in 1953, Remington Rand was able to bring the other machine directly to the UNIVAC 1. The device dropped the name UNIPRINTER; part of the name (printer in English means “drukar”) immediately became nominal.

UNIPRINTER is a drum printer. It goes like this: behind the arch of the paper there is a row of hammers, coated with an electromagnet. In front of the sheet there was a bar line, and in front of the line there was a drum the width of the entire page (120 characters), on which there were 120 rings of the alphabet. The drum turned continuously, and when the required letter in the required column was kicked over the paper, one of the 120 hammers struck it. In this manner, in one turn of the drum it was possible to wrap the entire row, after which the papier moved up the hill. Due to the wrapping of the drum and the inaccuracy of the blows of the hammers, letters were often found to be slightly higher or lower than the center of the row. In our region, drum printers were given the name ADC ("alphabetic digital printer") and were used until the mid-80s.

Just around the same time, their relatives appeared in America with drum printers, even more similar to Drukar’s machines: the Pelyustkovs.

Reynold B. Johnson is currently working on creating a Drukar matrix for an IBM printer. First in 1954, and then in 1955, the giant giant subsequently introduced two models of printers that produced 1000 rows per line (100 characters per row). However, the offending models turned out to be unreliable and expansion did not occur. Little later, in the early 1959s, the world saw the introduction of the IBM 1403 printer. This device was part of the Data Processing System complex.

The IBM 1403 was the most popular printer at that time, as IBM itself stated, its device outperformed its competitors four times and was an unmatched winner. The mechanism has become increasingly different from other printer models, but here it is just a set of characters that is applied to the paper through a line. In the IBM 1403, all the symbols were arranged in one row, and it had its own striking mechanism.

The printer can handle up to 1400 rows per line, 132 characters per line (that’s approximately 23 sides per line! 3 seconds per side!!!). As the engineers who worked with this technology testify, when they began to unravel the results of their calculations, the entire forgery was covered with a paper ball, literally flying out of the printer at great speed. i.

A funny feature of the device was that when different symbols were pressed, the printer produced sounds of different tones. The engineers took pride in the fact that they selected and arranged the songs for the letters, stirred the printer to play “music”, as it can be called that way. Engineers achieved great reliability and fluidity of their devices, but they lost their major shortcomings: pellet printers could not produce graphics, there was a lot of noise during operation, and reliability, as before, was lost Bazhati Krashogo. Before the speech, and in the Radyansky Union, the word “printer” was replaced by the name ATsPU (alphanumeric printer). At this time, such printers are not available anywhere.

2. PRINCIPLES OF ROBOT PRINTER

2.1 The principle of a dot matrix printer

Dot matrix printers were the first devices to provide graphical output of hard copies.

The stench can be traced to the class of impact printers (impact dot matrix). The image is formed by another head, which is formed by a set of heads (holster matrix), which are induced by electromagnets. The head is pressed in a row along the arch, when the heads are struck on the paper through the stitch, which forms, forming the dots of the image. This type of printer is called SIDM (Serial Impact Dot Matrix). Printers with 9, 12, 14, 18 and 24 heads were produced. The main expansion was achieved with 9 and 24 printer parts. The brilliance of the hand and the fluidity of the graphic hand lie in the number of heads: more heads - more spots. Printers with 24 heads are called LQ (English: Letter Quality). There are monochrome 5 color matrix printers, which contain 4 CMYK color lines. Changing the color involves shifting the stitch up and down to the other head. The speed of other dot matrix printers is measured in CPS (characters per second).

The best druk is the black druk (draft). In this mode of operation, a whole row is formed in one pass of the head. In the high-yield mode, forming one row requires a number of head passes, depending on the size.

The main disadvantages of dot matrix printers are: monochrome, low fluidity and high noise level, reaching 25 dB. To eliminate this problem, in some models of transfers there is a quiet mode, but the speed of the hand in the quiet mode drops by 2 times, because in this case the skin row clashes at two passages with the viscosity of half the heads. To combat noise, use special soundproof casings. Several models of 24-needle dot matrix printers are capable of using a color-coded hand for a frame of a rich barn of adhesive stitches. However, the brightness of the color printer, which can be reached with this, is significantly compromised by the brightness of other inkjet printers. Dot matrix printers tend to be widely used, and at this time, due to the fact that the edge-to-edge yield is low, since more cheap folding or roll paper is used. The rest can still be cut with the required scraps (not formatted). All financial documents must be processed only through a copy machine in order to ensure that their details are unique.

There are also popular line-matrix printers available, which have a large number of heads evenly spaced on a rotating mechanism (fretting) along the entire width of the sheet. The speed of such printers is measured in LPS (Lines per second).

Matrix printers themselves are inexpensive to manufacture, and the expensive materials for them are a cartridge with a barn stitch. At times of need (when the resource of the stitch is exhausted), you can both completely change the cartridge and only change the stitch itself. The sewing lines start to appear approximately on the sides. User friendliness is the lowest among other types of printers. That's where their achievements will end. Dot matrix printers are the most powerful, most flexible and have the least amount of space required.

2.2 Principle of robotic laser printer

Laser printers form images by aligning the position of the dots on the paper. The first page is formed in the printer’s memory and then transferred to the printer’s mechanism. This way the image is formed according to the parameters of the printer controller. The skin image is formed by a pattern of consistent shading at the points at the center of the mesh and matrix, like a chesswoman. This type of image shaping is called rasterization.

Technology - the first modern laser method appeared in 1938 - Chester Carlson's new method, called electrography, and then renamed to xerography. The principle of technology has fallen into place. On the surface of the photodrum, a corotron (scotron) charge, or a charge shaft, distributes a static charge evenly, after which a charge is transferred to the photodrum by a light laser (or a light line), - thereby on the surface of the drum The image is located in the hallway. Toner is applied to the image drum. The toner is attracted to the discharged pads on the surface of the photodrum, which preserves the image. After this, the photoconductor is pumped through the paper, and the toner is transferred to the paper by a corona transfer or a transfer roller. After this, the paper passes through the fuser unit to fix the toner, and the photo drum is cleaned of excess toner and discharged at the cleaning unit.

The most important structural element of a laser printer is the image drum, which is wrapped around it to help transfer images to the paper. The photodrum is a metal cylinder, covered with a thin layer of photoconductor. An electric charge is evenly distributed over the surface of the drum. In addition, a thin wire or mesh is called a crown wire. A high voltage is applied to this wire, which triggers a voltage around a new ionized area that glows, called the corona.

The laser, processed by a microcontroller, generates a thin light beam that is reflected from the mirror and is wrapped. This light, when applied to the photodrum, lights up at a new point, and at these points the electric charge changes. In this way, a copy of the image appears on the photodrum in a visible relief.

At the next working step, behind the help of another drum, called a developer, toner is applied to the photodrum - the best solution for dispensing. Under the influence of a static charge, the fragmented particles of toner are easily attracted to the surface of the drum at the points identified by exposure, and are formed into a new image

A sheet of paper from the tray that feeds is moved to the drum by means of a roller system. Then a static charge appears on the sheet, which lies behind the charge sign at the illuminated points on the drum. When the paper is pressed into the drum, the toner particles from the drum are transferred (attracted) to the paper.

To fix the toner on the paper sheet, the charge is again applied and the toner is passed between two rollers, which are heated to a temperature of approximately 180-200°C. After the drying process, the drum is completely discharged, cleaned of any stuck toner particles and ready for a new drying cycle. The sequence of actions is described, which will ensure that your hand has a high level of acidity.

Main advantages of laser printers:

High fluidity;

Great ties to each other;

Low noise during the hour of work;

The durability of the hilted spears until the water is poured in is light;

Low cost of one copy - about five kopecks per arkush.

A few laser printers include:

High price

Minor change.

2.3 Principle of robotic inkjet printer

String printers operate on the “syringe” principle, and the consumable material for them is ink. Forming images, the other printer head is pressed against the back of the paper and vibrates small drops of ink of different colors.

Current models of inkjet printers can use the following methods:

1. P'ezoelectric method

2. Gas bulb method

3. Drop-on-demand method

P'ezoelectric method.

To implement this method, a flat plastic crystal connected to the diaphragm is installed in the skin nozzle. Apparently, under the influx of an electric field, deformation of the electrical element occurs. Over time, the plastic element present in the tube, squeezing and expanding the tube, fills the capillary system with ink. The ink, as it is pressed back, flows back to the reservoir, and the ink, as it is called “squeezed out”, stains the paper. Similar devices are produced by Epson, Brother, etc.

Gas powder method.

This method is thermal and more commonly called bulbs that are injected. With this method, the skin nozzle is equipped with a heating element, which, when passed through a new jet, is heated to a temperature of approximately 500 ° in a few microseconds. Gas bulbs, which erupt when heated sharply, are forced to extract the necessary drop of rare ink through the outlet of the nozzle, which is transferred to the paper. When the jet is turned on, the heating element stops, the steam flow changes and a new portion of ink comes out through the inlet hole. This technology is developed by Canon.

Drop-on-demand method.

The method developed by HP is called the drop-on-demand method. Just like in the gas bulb method, a heating element is used to supply ink from the reservoir to the paper. However, in the drop-on-demand method, a special mechanism is additionally used to supply ink, whereas in the gas bulb method, this function is placed exclusively on the heating element.

Due to the fact that in the mechanisms of each other, implemented using the alternative method of gas bulbs, there are fewer structural elements, such printers are more reliable in operation and their operation is more troublesome. In addition, this advanced technology makes it possible to achieve the highest possible output of printers. Although there is a high degree of acidity when the lines are painted, this method does not affect other areas of heavy contamination: the stench comes out very quickly. The method of gas mixtures is used only when it is necessary to manipulate graphics, histograms, etc., as other graphic images appear more clear when using the drop-on-demand method.

In addition, drop-on-demand technology ensures the greatest possible speed of ink puffing, which allows you to completely move the fluidity and fluidity of your hand. The color of the image in this form has more contrast.

Color jet printer.

Each color image is formed by one-on-one overlays of three main colors: cyan (Cuan), purple (Magenta) and yellow (Yellow). Although, theoretically, the overlay of these three colors may result in a black color, in practice it is better to get a gray or brown color, and therefore add black as the fourth main color. On the stand, this color model is called SMUV (Суан-Magenta-Yellow - Black). The color friend for the help of dot matrix printers does not produce any fruitiness. There is no shortage of resources for this type of laser printer. The use of ink in different colors is inexpensive and yet a clear alternative, which has led to a wide expansion of inkjet printers.

The main reason we have seen in new models of inkjet printers is that they are not equipped with three color cartridges for color creation, but with several cartridges, including an additional black cartridge.

The operating principle of inkjet printers is similar to dot matrix printers in that the images on the nose are formed into dots. Instead of heads with heads in ink-jet printers, a matrix is ​​used, which has rare defects. Cartridges with labels come from a molded rubber head - this approach is mainly used by Hewlett-Packard and Lexmark. Companies in which the other matrix is ​​a part of the printer, and replaceable cartridges place no extra charge. When the printer is idle for a long period of time (a week or more), the excess barberry will dry out on the nozzles of the machine head. The printer can automatically clean the print head. You can also carry out Primus cleaning of the nozzles from the appropriate setup section of the printer driver. When cleaning the nozzles of the mechanical head, intensive removal of barberry is produced. Particularly critically observed are the nozzles of other matrix printers Epson, Canon. If the printer’s standard means were unable to clean the nozzles of the manual head, then cleaning and/or replacement of the manual head should be carried out at repair shops. Replacing the cartridge to replace the old matrix does not cause problems with a new one.

To improve performance and improve other printer characteristics, install a continuous ink supply system.

As stated above: other heads of inkjet printers are created using different types of feed:

1. Continuous Ink Jet - the supply of ink jet is continuously fed hour by hour, the fact of ink jet hitting the surface that is sealed is indicated by the ink flow modulator. It is confirmed that the patent for this method was issued to William Thomson in 1867.

2. Drop-on-demand (Drop-on-demand) - feeding of barn from the nozzle of the other head is only done when the bar is effectively required to be applied to the surface area of ​​the nozzle to be sealed. This very method of serving barnberry and taking it off

To a few inkjet printers, bring:

1. transportation of printed materials (cartridges and special paper);

2. leakage of copies, wrapped on a non-branded paper, until light and water flows;

3. high quality of one copy - about 25-30 copies without adjusting the quality of the paper.

3. Graphoday book

A graphical notebook (from the Greek γράφω - I write, small), a plotter - a device for automatically drawing with great accuracy small drawings, diagrams, folding chairs, maps and other graphic information on paper up to A0 in size or otherwise ltsi.

Graphic artists paint images using a pen (writing block).

Communications with a computer are usually made through a serial, parallel or SCSI interface. Some models of graphical alarms are equipped with a built-in buffer (1 MB or more).

The first plotters (for example, Calcomp 565 from 1959) followed the principle of transferring the paper with the help of a roller, securing the X coordinate, and securing the Y coordinate with the handle of the pen. Another approach (developed in Computervision's Interact I, the first CAD system) is the modernization of a pantograph, coating with a calculating machine and placing a feather in the frame of a small element. , which indicates the areas that will be rebuilt What stands out from this method is the precision of the positioning of the pen, which is easy to move, and similar to the precision of the pen itself, which is applied to the paper.

Hewlett Packard and Tektronix introduced flatbed plotters in a standard desktop size in the 1970s. In the 1980s, a smaller and lighter HP 7470 model was released, which featured innovative “grain wheel” technology for moving paper. These small plotters for everyday use have become popular among business owners. However, due to their low productivity, the stench was practically marni for other purposes. With the wide width of inkjet and laser printers with high production costs, cheaper computer memory and the speed of processing raster color images, pen-based notebooks have practically become a thing of the past.

Types of alarm clocks:

· Rolls and flatbeds;

· Feather, string and electrostatic;

· Vector and raster.

The purpose of graphic alerts is high-quality documentation of desk-graphic information.

Graphic alerts can be classified as follows:

· According to the method of molding the chair - with sufficient scans and rasters;

· By the method of moving the nose - tablet, drum and mixers (friction, with an abrasive head);

· Behind the scribing tool (such as a chair head) - pens, photo nappers, with a scribing head, with a milling head.

4. FAX MACHINE

Today, fax machines have become even more widespread. Regardless of the current capabilities of the Internet and e-mail, many people are willing to send important documents by fax.

The principle of faxing is simple. A document that is faxed is scanned and stored electronically in the device's memory. The data is then transmitted over an additional telephone line to another fax. There it is again transformed into a seemingly original way of undressing on the paper. Now go to the image of a copy machine with a modem function.

There are a number of different types of faxes that differ in the ways of document processing:

· Fax that can be processed on thermal paper. This is probably the most advanced type of fax. Faxes with a stamp on thermal paper account for more than half of the faxes. The principle of faxing that operates on a thermal paper is based on the printing of an image using a thermal line on a special heat-sensitive paper. The advantage of this type of fax is its low price and high reliability. Low image brightness and high compatibility can be achieved to a minimum;

· Inkjet faxes have functions similar to those of traditional inkjet printers. The main disadvantage is the low reliability and durability of expensive colored hands;

· Laser fax, which works on both basic paper and the most advanced solutions. With a laser printer and fax. It is clear that the operating principle is similar to that of laser printers.

VISNOVOK

We looked at the main views of the mechanical structures. The skin of all types is easy to use, and also more suitable for simple activities.

So, inkjet printers are most suitable for home printers and small businesses, since the main task is text separation, so there is no need for a high degree of power.

Laser printers are a clearer solution to the same problems as inkjet printers (except for working with color, because the versatility of inkjet printers is greater).

Dot matrix printers are used where there is no need for brightness, but rather for reliability and the least amount of money spent on power.

Fax is handy for transmitting information to large distances.

Chair plotter with great accuracy of small drawings, diagrams, folding chairs, maps and other graphic information on papers and tablets.

In general sense, all other devices follow the ranks of such commands as:

· maximize the brightness of what you put on your hand;

· Increase the strength of your hand;

· Changes in expenses necessary for the other person.

REFERENCES

1. Alekseev. Chief assistant. - M: SOLON-R, 2002. - 400 p.

2. , Maksimov N. V. Participatory technologies. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004

3. Kaymin. - M.: INFRA-M, 2001. - 272 p.

4. Makarova. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000. - 768 p.

6. Ostreykovsky. M.: Vishcha School, 2005. - 511 p.

7. Rizhikiv. Lectures and workshop. - SPb.: CORONA print, 2000.-256 p.

8. Sergeeva A. A., Tarasova. - M: INFRA-M, 2006.-335 p.

9. Computer Science: Basic course. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. - 640 p.

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

1. http://www. *****/user/vnesh/8.shtml

2. http://ua. Wikipedia. org/wiki/Plotter

3. http://ua. Wikipedia. org/wiki/Printer

4. http://slovari. *****/dict/bse/article/00059/12000.htm

5. http://*****/articles/detail. php? ID=12456

6. http://www. *****/operating_systems/nw_print/ch9.shtml