Ruby is one of the youngest programming languages. To its own name, I am guilty of a costly stone, a ruby ​​(by analogy with my other widely expanded Perl programming - pearls). The axis is how Ruby is described by the creator, Japanese programmer Yukihiro Matsumoto: Unix, MS-DOS, Windows 9x/2000/NT, BeOS and MacOS The main meta of Ruby is the efficiency of program development, and the ability to know how to program in a new way efficiently and learn well.

In Japan, Ruby has greatly promoted the likes of Python and Perl (and the book "Ruby the Object-Oriented Scripting Language" became a bestseller) and began to spread around the world. For the rest of the book three English books appeared, dedicated to Ruby (unfortunately, the Russian translation is still not possible). In tsієї movi even more inopportune chances of becoming effectively popular - even if it took away the advantages of other mov, vrahuvavshi їхні nedolіki.

Ruby is included in the standard delivery of the Linux OS (starting from version 7.2), and for the first acquaintance with MS Windows, for the first time, it is recommended to recommend the old version of the old version, as it includes, the cream of the interpreter, mov and library, the core of the core, FAQ (frequently fed) and impersonal applicatives. Ruby is a product that can be easily developed, so you can not be bothered about this art, nor about the fencing in yoga.

Tsya mova is undoubtedly one of the best programs, which are taught by students and schoolchildren. The slick cycle of development (editing - launching - editing), the interpreter's voicing, the text object-orientation of the movie, the non-typification of changes, the typing of the voicing - all the while allowing the learners to concentrate their attention on the fundamental principles of programming. In the future, we focus on the work in the Linux OS. Using Ruby in other operating systems practically does not interfere with anything, and the results of the modification do not lie in the OS.

It's hard to believe that there are no installations of the Ruby interpreter in the system. At the open shell, type ruby ​​-v (this key will display the movie version). As soon as it appears, Ruby is installed (version, date and platform may vary):

ruby 1.6.4 (2001-06-04)

puts "Hello, World!"

To see the program for the command line, enter

As a result, the program in the command meeting will require a phrase to be instructed.

Another way to make programs available to core users is not all operating systems, such as Ruby. If you have a Linux OS, send it to the top of the file with the text of the program, next row:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

Won obov'azkovo may start from the first position. Then you need to change the access rights to the file with the program by typing it like this: chmod +x hello.rb Now, to start the program, it’s enough to enter the command

In order for the program to be developed by a more intelligent person, as you read it, comments are inserted. One-row comments begin with the symbol # and continue until the end of the row. Bagatoriadkovі komentariyut pri spetіlnі "bows" - everything that is roztashovuєtsya between rows =begin and =end, vvazhaєtsya kommentarii. For example,

#!/usr/bin/env ruby ​​=begin cue comment =end puts "Hello, World!" # Tse tezh comment

A program in the Ruby language, which is often called a script, is a sequence of instructions (hardening, propositions). The leather instruction for the locking ends with the end of the row. For some reason, it is necessary to place a sprig of instructions on one row, they should be separated by a symbol; (speck with a coma). On the other side, sometimes the instruction is not to move in one row. At this moment, the symbol signals about those who are going to be carried forward in the forward row.

butt

#!/usr/bin/env ruby ​​# The instruction ends with the end of the row puts "Hello, World!" # Dekіlka іnstruktsіy in one row puts "Tse test, "; puts "what to show the Ruby robot." # Incomplete instruction, # continuing on next row puts "Programming in Ruby - " + "get busy." # Confirmation, podіlene to kіlka ryadkіv puts \ "I obov'yazkovo tsimu navchimosya!"

The instruction (confirmation) is most often the first sequence of operators, which will stop up to different viruses, and (possibly) wicked functions.

At the present time, there are no particular features of programming, skin may have its own peculiarities and regularities. This article mentions one of them.

Ruby Movie History

Ruby has been around for a long time now. The work on the first edition of the famously popular movie of today was dated back to 1993, and the first official version dates back to 1995. The author of the movie, Yukihiro Matsumoto, was an enthusiastic programmer during his student hours, the prototype of the creation of a handy tool appeared in a new rich life. So what is so remarkable in this movie programming that today occupies one of the leading positions in the world's arena of software development?

Mova programming Ruby - tse vysokogo equal, s independent vіd vykonuyuchy middle implementation of rich streaming. A new one has its own choice, and especially the syntax of the best approximations to such mov like Perl. With the development of the ecosystem, the platform has lagged far behind Smalltalk, Python, Lisp and other programming languages. Even more important for the foundation of that uninterrupted development is the same as the language "Ruby" and її implementation is more free. This means that if someone can propagate their changes, and if they are accepted with fullness, then they will go to the offensive version of the movie.

Philosophy of Ruby

When creating his brainchild Matsumoto, like a fan of that enthusiast of object-oriented programming, having created a unique philosophy for programmers, they want to master yoga language. Thus, the language programming Ruby is intended for the creation of simple, and at the same time, intelligent additions. The main emphasis of Ruby is not on the flexibility of robotic programs, but on the simplicity and readability of the code.

Therefore, this platform is often chosen as an input for learning programming. The main principle on which language is based is the so-called principle of "named incompetence" - it means that the program is obliged to behave in such a way that the author (programmer) is considered to be the author. Another important part of the ideology of the mov, as the author brought in, is great variability. The same result can be achieved by different ways and functions. Zavdyaky kozhen kozhen the programmer can virishuvatnya zavdannya so, as you know the most correctly that manually. This is why it has contributed to the popularity of the middle of professionals in the field of information technology.

The main characteristics of the movie

What is "Ruby" like mov programming? The purpose of the language is object-oriented. There are not many primitive types - all structures and single data objects (for example, Java files, primitive data structures). Skin function in "Ruby" method. The creators of other programming languages ​​brought a lot of authority and feasibility, so we can boldly say that Ruby (mova) took away more richly of other languages ​​and technologies.

So, for example, in the "Ruby" ecosystem, there is an authoritative choice of ideas, the idea of ​​which Bula was adopted by Smalltalk and Java, and which can be practiced with other objects in the system. This mechanism allows, without fail, for the koristuvach program and the retailer to clear the memory of objects that will no longer be needed. The warehousing store allows the retailer of the goods not to be involved in the management of the memory of the program, but to focus on the functionality and efficiency of the coring.

Paradigm Movie

Considering the inquiries about those who are like "Ruby" as a multi-paradigm language, one can inadvertently opine for oneself in superechtsi. Even though the language allows you to tinker with programming paradigms, however, successfully: procedural style of programming, object-orientation, or the Browser is free to choose for yourself that paradigm, as it is closer to you, and we will not be able to gather more tools. Mova programming "Rubi" is less likely to want this choice.

Reasons for popularity

Why did this language become popular? Therefore, the number of frameworks and libraries is constantly growing, and the task, like the stench of virishuyut independently, allows retailers to bring the product to readiness in the shortest term. Even more often "Rubi"-programming is associated with the development of web add-ons and the support of the functioning of various sites and Internet platforms. Qiu niche mov having occupied the hearts of its simplicity and swidkost rozrobki. Even alternative platforms (for example, Java) require a lot of knowledge and knowledge to complete the task.

Popular frameworks

If you talk about popular frameworks, which are used on the market today, then you can see Rails in the middle of them. A lot of people, looking for food about those who are like "Ruby", intuitively think about RubyOnRails. This set of software components has become the industry standard among retailers. Wine is constantly supported, it develops and supplements with the help of programmers, being overwhelmed with it. This framework describes the components of a web program within the framework of the MVC (Model-View-Controller) template, and also hopes for a ready-made integration with an interface for accessing the database. These 3 components, in fact, allow you to write and launch a simple blog on the Internet or a private web site for a short period of time.

On the Ruby mobile app, you can create native mobile apps and the RubyMotion library. It allows you to view Ruby code on iOS, OS X and Android platforms. It was created by a private group of retailers, for whom it is necessary to pay for the victorious work, but in the future it confirms the richness of the language.

Importance of writing tests

Another important warehouse ecosystem of Ruby, that її web-oriented part, є frameworks and libraries for writing tests. RubyOnRails propagates the philosophy of BDD (behavior-driven development), which means that a programmer creates a sequence of tests, that describes the behavior of a program, and then I create code that can successfully pass these tests. The unspoken standard in this area is RSpec - the framework allows you to write test cases in an understandable way for those who are not well-informed in the development of coristuvachas.

Ruby Gems

Following the detailed standard that all packages and libraries in Ruby are to blame for, the development does not add up to any particular difficulties. Therefore, among the so-called gems (English - expensive stone), you can know the modules for the implementation of practically any business - from integration with social networks and third-party services to ready-made platforms for electronic commerce. All that is needed for the selection of a third-party library is to describe the legacy of your project as a library, which is located at a remote or local repository, and when the library is attacked, it will automatically enter the program. It is also necessary to facilitate the migration of the project between the retailers, but there are no shards to consume manually by dividing the fallows to store the project.

Since I am asking you again about those who are like "Ruby", then you can say with confidence that this universal language programming is hard, like, singly, like for advanced retailers, so for beginners, because you don’t want to learn how to program easily . New people have the tools to create any kind of programs - from desktop programs to mobile services and web platforms.

Mova programming Ruby- Purely object-oriented language programming, partially broken down for scenarios. You'll get into your own syntax, which includes Ada and Perl and Smalltalk object-oriented features, as well as drawing from Python, Lisp and the command line utility - a plus when learning the basics of programming.
The Ruby language programming language currently only has one implementation of the Ruby interpreter, wanting to work on the implementation of the Ruby interface (the so-called "Cardinal") for the Parrot virtual machine.
Mov Ruby programming has a lot of redundant features. Ruby is also supported by the operator of re-binding and processing of the blames. At this time, the Ruby movie program does not play Unicode support. Ruby maє iterators (like guessing CLU and Sather). Ruby supports abstract function definitions (just like in Smalltalk and rich functional language programming for beginners). Ruby may vbudovanu, syntactic support of regular Perl translations on par mov (and not only in libraries, like Python has a lot of other movs). Ruby podtrimuє automatic sbіr smіttya that dynamic library zavantazhennya/podklyuchennya modules (deposit architecture) on Microsoft Windows. Ruby has been ported to a variety of platforms, including Unix, Microsoft Windows, DOS, Mac OS X, OS/2, Amiga, and more.
Ruby is purely object-oriented: a skin bit of these objects, including types, designated as "primitive" in other moves. Skin function in a way. It is similar to Smalltalk, but at the root it looks like Java and Python. Skin im'ya meaning (im'ya zminnoї) in Ruby is assigned to the object, not the object itself. Ruby promotes recession with dynamic scheduling, Mixins and Singleton methods. Ruby doesn't support multiple downgrades, but other classes can import modules. If you want Ruby you can use procedural syntax, but everything in Ruby is an object in Smalltalk, not Perl or Python programming for dummies.
The language was created by Yukihiro Matsumoto (a.k.a. "Matz") Yukihiro Matsumoto (a.k.a. "Matz") on February 24, 1993 . Flow rack version 1.8.0. To show respect, that I am not an acronym - it is true that it is a word like that of Perl. Behind the words of the author, Ruby is based on the principle of the smallest soul (POLS), tse means that the language can be free in the past and inconsistency, as to respect other language.
3 Ruby FAQ: If you like Perl, just as you use Ruby, it feels like magic through its syntax. If you like Smalltalk, you like Ruby and you like its semantics. If you like Python, you may or may not recognize the great difference in design philosophy between Python and Ruby/Perl.
Ruby rozpovsyudzhuetsya free of charge and z vіdkritim vihіdnim code licensed under the GPL or Artistic License, like Perl.

Apply
Axis deyaki put the Ruby code:

>> -199.abs # number -199 object; Youmu call the ABS method. => 199 >> "Ruby is cool".length # call String object method - row length => 13 >> "Rick".index("c") => 2 >> "John".swapcase => " jOHN" >> #Arrays ?> .sort => >> .sort.reverse => # next code block is looped 10 times 10.times ( # Replace " " with ", " and store in string1 string1 = "Hello world". gsub( " ", ",") # append "!" to variable "string1" string1 += "!" # print variable "string1"

How to become a professional from the development of sites and earn some money? Inexpensive video courses from familiar introductions.

Entry

Today, the post-shukov system is one of the most widely used navigation methods in cyberspace, which grows and grows with the skin day of its foundation. I realized that the algorithms for searching for information are guilty of constantly improving their folding and efficiency. The method of this work is not to describe the algorithms in search of information, but simply to give their knowledge. Also, the method of this work is to write a web addon in my programming Ruby.

From the improvement of the visceral deposited, it can be formulated as follows:

Learn about algorithms by looking for information

Written by a joke web program

The goals are set for an additional task:

Vivchennya theory poshku

New Movie Programming Ruby

Understanding my Haml markup

Understanding the Sass meta

Whip up Ruby, Haml and Sass, write code for a web addon

Create a better program, what has happened.

Theoretical part

Theory search for information

For the cob, it is necessary to give the designation of the search system.

Poshukov system - a software and hardware complex with a web interface, which makes it possible to search for information on the Internet.

According to the functions and rozv'yazuvannym zavdannym search engine systems are classified into:

dovіdkovі є nabіlsh іnbіlіy type іnformatіy іnformatsіynih sistem, i polagaє na nadnі subscribers of the system possibilitа otrimannya danih na nі classi ob'єktіv;

Poshukovі є the widest class of information systems. Zagal, looking like you can see like a kind of information space, which is set in terms of an informational-logical description of the subject gallery);

rozrahunkov. The function of the system is based on the processing of information that is in the system, behind the songs of the research algorithms for various purposes.

According to the nature of this logical organization of the saved information, search systems are subdivided into factographic, documentary and geoinformation.

So factographic search systems accumulate and take data from looking at multiple instances of one or more types of structural elements. Leather from such instances of structural elements, or else deak їhnya sukupnіst vіdobrazhayut vіdomosti, for some sort of fact, I'll go. The structure of a skin-type information object is formed from a final set of requisites, which determine the main aspects of the characteristics of the objects in a given subject area.

In documentary per-shock systems, a single element of information is not decomposed into other elements of the document, and information when entered, as a rule, is not structured, but is structured in an exchanged look. For the document to be entered, some formalized positions can be established - date of preparation, date, subject. Deyaki vidi documentary information systems ensure the establishment of a logical interconnection of documents that are introduced - subordering for a change.

In geoinformation data, it seems that only a few informational objects are linked to a global electronic topographic basis. Geoinformation systems are designed for information security in these subject galleys, the structure of information objects and processes in those geographic components.

This is the same classification of poshuk systems (Fig. 1)

Fig.1. Classification of poke systems

Speaking about the trigger systems, guess the theory of trigger requests and their classification. So, in 1949, a professor of philology at Harvard described some of the features of the search for information.

Professor Zipf, having respected that the old words are used in the texts, whether the language is shorter or shorter. On the basis of this warning Zipf viviv two laws:

The first law shows the frequency of occurrence (input) of those words chi other words with the rank of frequency. The most frequent words are assigned a rank equal to one. Tim words, scho trapleyayutsya more - rank, equal dvіytsі then. Zipf having shown that the frequency of the entry of the word to the yogo rank is a constant value.

Such staleness sounds like hyperbole. The values ​​of the Zipf constant for different languages ​​are different, but in the middle of one language group it remains unchanged. For Russian, the cost constant is approximately 0.06-0.07.

Zipf is important, what is the frequency of input of words and the number of words, what is included in the text with the same frequency, also mutually.

From one side of the curve, you will save your parameters for all texts in the boundaries of one movie. From the other side, which would be my text without spellings, the shape of Zipf's curve will become permanent. Take into account less coefficients.

Zipf's laws are universal. The stench is no less stagnant to the texts. In a similar form, for example, the fallow land between the kіlkіstyu mіst і kіlkіstyu meshkantsiv who live in them. Characteristics of the popularity of resources on the Internet follow Zipf's laws. Zipf's laws allow "human" behavior of objects.

In the case of dermal skin, the sensitivity of the mind can be classified for three characteristics: the depth of the mind, the clarity of the mind, the stage of the mind.

So for the rest of the day, all requests are subdivided into

One-word ("prosuvannya")

Dvoslovni ("poshukovy prosuvannya")

Trislovni ("professional poshukovo prosuvannya")

Bagatoslіvnі (“professional poshukovo prosuvannya inexpensively”)

For clarity, all inquiries are divided into:

Accurate request ("price for iPad 2")

Fuzzy drink (“Ozone”, what can be used as gas and I will call the store and the director’s nickname)

According to the stage of the search, all requests are divided into:

Notification of the problem (“not working site”)

Poshuk solution ("website hosting")

Choice of decision (“Which hosting to choose”)

Poshuk mіstsya tranksії ("tariff hosting masterhost")

Mova programming RUBY

Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, highly-interpreted language-based programming language for both quick and manual object-oriented programming. Mova volodіє nezalezhnoyu vіd operаtsіynoї її її їїї їєєєєєєєєєєє єєєєєєєєє, 's strict dynamic typіzaієyu, sbirachem smіttya that sіttma іnshimi mozhlivosti. Ruby is close to Perl's and Eiffel's domain syntax in its particularities, to Smalltalk in its object-oriented approach. Also, take a look at Python, Lisp, Dylan and Cloud. Today the Ruby interpreter implementations are practical for all platforms (Unix, Win32, OS X). The creator of the movie is Yukihiro Matsumoto.

Ruby is mostly object-oriented language programming. All are objects, and functions are methods of these objects.

The main powers of Ruby:

Mova interpreted:

Possibility of direct system calls.

It is hard to follow the operations with rows and rules (regular virazes).

Mitteva having shown a change in the hour of rozrobki.

The date of the compilation stage.

Just that shvidke programming:

It is not required to deafen change.

Change dynamically typed.

Simple and consistent syntax.

Automatic storage of operational memory.

Object Oriented Programming:

Everything is an object. Navit im'ya class є instance class Class.

Class, method, decline, polymorphism, encapsulation too.

Methods are the same.

Houses for additional modules (the ability to expand the class without succession);

Iterators and zamikannya.

Wide possibilities of metaprogramming.

Opportunity:

Unlimited range is the value of integers.

Vinyatkiv's molding model.

Usі operators rotate values, navit keruyuchi structures.

The mechanism of the vinyatkiv overheating.

Support of streams; like vlasnih, i systems of the UNIX family.

Noodles:

Uncertainty of such processes (such as seeing memory), the impossibility of setting up low structures of data or subprograms;

Impossibility of compilation and subsequent optimization of the program;

Enter the exit code in the finished program

The legacy of the first two shortcomings is the low speed of launching that program.

It also means that for Ruby the use of anonymous modules (additional) is practical for any kind of task (programming interfaces, folding mathematical calculations, working with audio, video, 3D, etc.). Therefore, this language programming was chosen as the basis for writing a practical part.

1.3. Language of the simplified layout of HAML

Haml is a markup language for simple XHTML generation. HAML compiles to HTML. Haml is much simpler than Html, as it allows you to speed up the writing of web add-ons.

For example, giving a piece of code to Haml

%html( html_attrs("en") )

%title My blog

%meta(http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8")

stylesheet_link_tag "main"

%h1 My blog

%h2 Records

- @entries.each do |entry|

%h3.title=entry.title

%p.date= entry.posted.strftime("%A, %B %d, %Y")

%p.body=entry.body

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