History of mail. Brief history of mail

Voronov S.S.

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Every now and then, tens of thousands of sheets, packages, and parcels are delivered to people via postal service. The post office helps people in all corners of the world cope. In today's world, in the era of the Internet, the clear telephone connection of mail is losing its relevance, but is still being lost as a key way of bringing people together, and also serving a major role in the overpowered forces.

The current announcement about the mail is similar to the announcement that happened last year. The Russian word “post” is similar to foreign words, the meaning of which in Russian can be mentally translated as – zupinka, station (where the postal horses were changed).

Postal service is a type of communication system (in many countries it is sovereign), which involves the transfer of information in the form of postal items (letter correspondence, periodical notices, penny transfers, parcels, packages) for additional transport specialties (salt, automobile, marine, aviation transport).

Postal services developed differently in different nations, and different cultures had their own specific postal systems. It is possible to draw similar parallels in history.

Ancient clock

In the early days of humankind, the voice was a tool for transmitting important information. The main disadvantage of such consolidation was the lack of possibility of transmission over long distances. To transmit signals to distant places in prehistoric times, people began to play drums and drums.

The Age of Great Empires

In the era of the Great Empires (or as they called it, the era of antiquity), the main method of transfer was through gents and couriers. A number of powers (for example, the Roman Empire) have a postal connection that is sovereign and good. In some countries, when delivering mail to distant places, horses rode on horseback. Postal service in the era of antiquity was mainly actively used by the empire's potters and nobles for prompt communication with distant provinces and the transmission of Swedish messages.

The peasants in the service of the church, as a rule, were slaves and had to pay large amounts of guilt in as little time as possible, thereby ensuring the speed of making decisions, both in peacetime and in times of war. People who engage in this craft were well prepared physically.

The great converging powers (Egypt, Persia, China), across the vast expanses of their territories and subordinate regions, began to act as carriers of pigeon mail. Ptakhiv was specially started and felt, after which the concept of “mail pigeon” emerged. One of the main postal tasks of the great empires was the delivery of notifications related to military purposes and news related to the service.

During excavations of various places of ancient cultures, archaeologists found manuscripts, writings and other evidence that the post at that time had already begun to form structures, as it seems in the current world. There were also substations that served as “postal departments.” At these stations, horses were changed and horses were rested.

The Roman Empire made the largest contribution to postal developments. The mail was ordered by the state, and the mail transported was transported both by land and by sea. The emperors needed mail to communicate with all the provinces of the Roman Empire and of little great importance.

For the simple population of great empires, there are no ways to deliver mail, because... The mail, in whatever case it was, served for the benefit of the emperors and the nobility, the mail was delivered with the help of friends, which on the right rose in price to other places, provinces, and countries.

Serednyovichya

Europe

The era of the Middle Ages is seen as the era of numerous wars, military campaigns, the strengthening of the role of the church, and at the same time as the era of technological progress.

In some European countries, after the fall of the Roman Empire, attempts were made to establish a state post, but all attempts did not lead to a positive result. The nobility carried out mail transportation with the help of their subjects (messengers, couriers, officials).

Because The role of the church in central Europe grew and churches united around one main church in Rome, the monastery post. The head church encouraged connections between European churches, black orders, numerous brotherhoods and the head church. There are no mysteries in history about the local service in the church, which deals with postal shipments, but the fact of active consolidation between churches is confirmed by archaeologists with the help of the Cheng couriers.

With the advent of universities, which deal with science, there was a need for collaboration between them, as well as between students one after another and families. The university post office has arrived, as it is a service, and the people, who are engaged in the delivery of postal notifications, are a little more privileged.

The development of European crafts, trade, science, and culture led to the development of postal orders, because people needed to quickly get food, and there was still no government mail. This caused the emergence of strong services and couriers, places began to emerge, and gatherings between craftsmen, traders, scholars, artists, musicians, etc. began to ease. After about an hour, people began to attend services.

Then the institutes of the local authorities appeared. It was then that the concept of paying for the delivery of sheets and parcels arose. at a singing rate. The services of such institutions were offered to both nobles and nobles. Some local institutions have already begun to know the exact time of delivery of postal notifications.

A centralized post office, which worked on the needs of the state and was engaged in exclusively state postal shipments, began to emerge in the 15th century in France.

Asia

After the fall of the Roman Empire, to the change from Europe, postal service was already well organized in Asian countries on postal carriers. The nobility were employed as servants, but access was denied to the lower ranks of the population. Postal couriers have small signs (white lines) so that they can be recognized from afar.

Pivdenna and Pivnichna America

As archaeologists confirm, Indian tribes such as the Incas, Aztecs and others also developed a system of delivering postal notifications through the use of couriers. The runners were the runners, who quickly carried out the great uprisings. At the singing station, the postal booths were being distributed one way at a time, and one of the couriers, passing on the information to the other, could lose their preference. This method was also used for the delivery of postal parcels. The number of postal workers and couriers themselves was even greater. Postal messages were transmitted both in writing and in oral form.

XVI-XIX centuries

At this time, in the most guilty countries of Europe (France, England, etc.), the centralized royal postal system has been discontinued. The idea, which was first recognized by the postal monopoly and the sovereign bond, was implemented in Germany in the 17th century. And with the beginning of the growth of industry, the process of organizing a fast mail order accelerated, and many powers secured the mail service to themselves. Practically all versions of the population could afford to work as postal servants. For transportation in the region, special mail carriages have often been used. The transportation of passengers was also important for the carriage of passengers by mail.

A major revolution in the transport of goods occurred with the advent of steam engines, which were introduced by steamboats and trains. The delivery process has become significantly slower. All postal communications became accessible to all parts of the population and were developed practically in the most remote parts of the region, and international newspapers entered a new stage.

In the 19th century, envelopes, postage stamps, and parcels were invented. The post office began to develop these organizations and work as it may today.

The expansion of plant and vapor transport has led to the fact that in 80 days a leaf can pass through the entire earth. Postal transport grew in popularity and almost all postal departments began to appear in every village. The postal departments themselves also developed and began to offer customers new services and operations.

At the end of the 19th century, the telegraph, radio, telephone and other functions of the postal service began to lose their relevance, but the postal service did not lose its relevance.

Postage stamps also began to gain relevance as they created mystique.

In the 19th century, a Worldwide Postal Order was established, which included many countries from different countries.

The current postal network provides postal services throughout the territory of the region, including all places and rural settlements. A wide range of services that one can hope to achieve by becoming great.

The latest information about the post goes to Assyria and Babylon. The Assyrians were still in the 3rd millennium. BC those who can be called the front of the envelope stagnated. After burning the tablet with the text, the sheet was covered with a ball of clay, where the address of the possessor was written. Then the signs were sprayed again. As a result, when the water vapor was repeatedly vaporized, the tablet-sheet and the tablet-envelope did not become a single piece. The envelope was torn apart and the sheets were read. Two such sheets have reached the present day - together with envelopes of stench are stored in the Louvre.

4000 ROCKY AGO INVISIBLE EGYPTIAN MISTAK ON ONE WALL In the funeral oven of Pharaoh Numhoten, the warrior drew a dry leaf in one hand, and in the other, a dry leaf, which he handed to his superior. Thus, before us, there is verbal proof of the birth of the post in those distant hours. We have received information about postal information in other ancient peoples. Letters of notification could be passed from one person to the next without fear of conflict. To transport the leaves, carrier pigeons were also used.

In the hours of Kira and Daria in Persia (558-486 BC) the postal package was blessed with miracles. At the Persian postal stations, trains and saddled horses were constantly at the ready. The mail was passed on by the people in a relay race from one to another.

The ancient Roman post was famous for playing a great role in the administration of the great Roman Empire. At the most important centers of the empire there were special stations provided by horse couriers. The Romans said Statio posita in... ("The station has been rebuilt at..."). As the Fahians respect, the word Posta appeared from the shortness of these words.

Documentary evidence of the establishment of mail in China dates back to ancient times. The sovereign postal service to China began already during the Zhou dynasty (1027-249 BC). Vaughn is small in her orderly steps and horses. The emperors of the Tang dynasty (618-907 r.e.) already appointed postmaster generals.

In the Arab Caliphate up to 750 rubles. the entire state was covered with a border of roads along which the races plied, riding and riding on horses, camels and mules. The stinks were delivered to the state and private mail. The great importance of the postal service of the state can be seen in the famous speech of Caliph Mansur, who fell asleep in Baghdad (762 rubles). “My throne rests on four places, and my power rests on four people: the clueless judge, the energetic chief of police, the active minister of finance and the wise postmaster who informs me about everything.”

GREECE'S POSTAL SYSTEM IS GOOD IN VIGLYADI land and sea mail connections, but it could not significantly develop through the anonymity of the local powers at war with each other. The procedures for the transfer are limited to the information of your assigned, i.e., envoys on foot. The stench was called hemerodromae. The messengers traveled 55 stadia (about 10 km) per year, and 400-500 stadia in one trip.

The most prominent of these couriers was Philippis, who, according to Plutarch, was born in 490 BC. The news of victory in the Battle of Marathon was brought to Athens and he died of the snow. This race was the first marathon in history. Philip passed the message to sleep. In ancient times, high-ranking gents were sent to convey especially nagal messages. As Diodorus writes, one of the military commanders of Alexander the Great rode with his headquarters of the Gintsi - the leaders on camels.

Powers of the Incas in Peru and the Aztecs in Mexico up to 1500 rubles. Mali regular mail. The Posta of the Incas and Aztecs fought more than the rest of the Gents. On the right is that horses were brought to New America by Europeans - conquerors since the 16th century. The distance between the bus stations did not exceed three kilometers. That one got hit hard with a gun. The peculiarity of the mail of the Incas and Aztecs was that, in addition to the mail, they could hardly deliver fresh fish to the emperor’s table. The fish was delivered from the coast to the capital, a distance of 48 years (500 km). Rate the speed of delivery. The current post office is unlikely to be swedish, although it has its own ordered cars, trains, and flights. During the rise of the Mayan culture, the Gintsian robot was also blamed, but little is known about it.

As in ancient times, so in the middle centuries, the post office served only Volodars and other officials. Other versts of the population did not benefit from mail.

For residents and international connections

By the way, simple people also wanted to use mail for their own purposes. Initially, their information was conveyed privately through merchants, mandrians and university postal officials. The rapid development of crafts and trade in feudal Europe led to the organization of regular postal exchange between places.

THERE ARE DOCUMENTS CONFIRMING THE APPEARANCE OF MISCELLANEOUS MESSENGES already in the 14th century. The most important postal service of the Hanseatic League. Hansa is a trade and political union of foreign German cities in the 14th-17th centuries. With the entry of the Hanseatic League of the Rhine, the first postal border was established, which, passing between towns and other principalities, delivered mail throughout the territory of Germany. Then, through Nuremberg, the mail went to Italy and Venice, and through Leipzig - to Prague, Day and other places. This is how Mizhnarodna Posta came out.

Our next notable achievements include the postal service of the noble family of Tourn-i-Taxis. The first mystery about the Tourn-i-Taxi post dates back to 1451, when Roger Taxis organized a courier line through Tirol and Steiermark. Next, go to the Taxi booth to collect your quarry from the postal office.

At 1501 r. Franz Taxis becomes Postmaster General of the Netherlands. On the cob of the 16th century. The Taxis postal service came out of the feudal privileges of the Taxis booth. The post office on the right became a profit center, and Taxis began to have competitors. We are in front of the post office. At 1615 r. Chergovy Taxis - Lamoral becomes the imperial postmaster general. By imperial decree, this planting was declared a pre-war and a recession for the Taxis family. Before the speech, the prefix “Turn” was added to the Taxis before its nickname in 1650, which was removed as a royal honor. Lamoral Taxis, the new postmaster general, was hesitant to ask the emperor for a new decree against additional mail and additional lines to be served by the Gents. All this sparked a struggle between Tourn-i-Taxis and its competitors that lasted hundreds of years. Taxi Post survived and prevailed. Accuracy, smoothness and honesty - this is the motto of Tourn-i-Taxi, which is most closely followed in practice. Above all, trading people and bankers, common people and government officials could be expected to ensure that papers, documents, and money quickly reach the addressee, and they immediately withhold evidence.

At 1850 r. The Tourn-i-Taxis post belonged to the German-Austrian Union. At that time, postage stamps had already been issued in rich countries. The rules of the German-Austrian Postal Union passed on to its participants the obligation to issue postage stamps. The very same 1st day 1852 r. The first postage stamps from Tourn-i-Taxis have been released. Our post office Turn-i-Taxis issued 54 postage stamps. This post office issued stamped envelopes. The history of the Tourn-i-Taxi post office will end only in 1867, when Prussia acquired the rights to all the Tourn-i-Taxi postal service.

Leafworm is a dangerous profession

In the XVII century. Sweden became a great power, and there was a need for regular communication with its Volodynia across the Baltic Sea. The first leaf-noses were the royal couriers. Then the correspondence was delivered to the postal villagers. They lived near the main roads, performed various duties, for example, military service, and were required to forward the state mail.

THEY WERE SENT FOR A WORKER, YA VIK, A PIPUM IN RIZHOK, kilometers 20-30 before susida. Having handed over your mail and returned it in exchange for something else, you returned home. As soon as the leaves became frosty, you were threatened with punishment. Correspondence was delivered by sea, for example, from Sweden to the Aland Islands and as far as Finland and St. Petersburg. "Poshtovy villagers" worked for the whole river regardless of the weather. The crossing in the spring and autumn was especially troublesome, when the stinks either dragged the boats across the ice, or set the sails, or took up the oars. Quite a few people perished in the storm.

Russian Post is one of the oldest in Europe. The first riddle about her in the chronicles dates back to the 10th century. Kievan Rus had a population bond under the name "poviz". This obligation was due to the need to supply horses for the prince's horses and his servants.

However, the postal service in Russia appeared especially for Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich. Boyar Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (1605-1681) became the organizer of the “correct” postal persecution in Russia. He is the initiator of the creation of foreign mail in Russia (mail line Moscow - Vilna).

RUB 1,677 Russia has launched an international postal service. The first lines of illegally accessible mail went beyond the cordons of the Russian state to the “German” lands - that’s what the Russian people called the lands, where they spoke in foolish “nim” languages. In addition to international mail, the "German Post" delivered both merchant papers and government papers of Russia. Since the German Post, the postal service has established correspondence exchange points and introduced rules to ensure the regularity of mail delivery.

The prototype of our typical mail screen was the Florentine vestibules - hidden screens that were installed on the walls of churches and cathedrals; the first mail screen was installed in the 17th century. in France.

For materials livejournal prepared by Zara GEVORKYAN

MESSENG, runner, man. (Old). A person hastily sent to a distant place, a drug dealer, a courier. "Here is the messenger with the letter." Pushkin. || switch Visnik. “We (strumki) of the young spring gintsi.” Tyutchev. Tlumachny dictionary of Ushakov. D.M. Ushakov. Tlumachny Dictionary of Ushakov

Ikryany. Jarg. narc. A dealer or a private employee of the ITN, who carries a lot of drugs. Grachov 1994, 10; Grachov 1996, 19. Messenger from Penzi. Jarg. speaking Zhart. Fuck you, you liar. Maksimov, 92. Give a messenger. Arch. Run as fast as you can, rush. AOC... The Great Dictionary of Russian Orders

messenger- MESSENGER, runner, m. The one who buys alcohol. Why don’t you send us a horse for a wine dance... Dictionary of Russian argot

Messenger: Messenger (old) messenger, courier. “Messenger” (in titles): “Gonets” is the name of the Russian satellite system, which is included in the warehouse of spacecraft and the organization of the operator “Gonets” (“Standing side by side”) the name of the picture... ... Wikipedia

messenger- , ntsa, m. ** Messenger of the revolution. pathet. The diplomatic curator of the first rocks of the Radian government. ◘ Radyansky diplomatic curators, seizing diplomatic mail from robbers, acted steadfastly. Now their portraits hang on the memorial stand of the Ministry of Health. Entrust photography to these... Tlumachny dictionary of the language of the Soviet Republic

messenger- 1. dribny drug dispenser. The messenger arrived, he brought a bag of weed (Having arrived, the drug dealer arrived, he brought a lot of marijuana). Drug addicts' jargon 2. collecting rose syrup for drug production. Vova, having fought hard, went to hell... ... Dictionary of everyday vocabulary, jargon and slang

Pisha chi kina person who delivers messages, orders, leaves. In Russia, the word R. expanded from the middle of the 14th century. ta vikorist. until the beginning of the 18th century, when the words courier and courier came to change. Great philatelic dictionary

M. 1. The one who sends messages to where the terms of the agreements are, with news. 2. A messenger, which is the arrival of the star or. Tlumachny dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Today's Tlumachny Dictionary of Efremova

Messenger, gints, gints, gintsiv, gittsiv, gittsiv, gittsiv, gittsiv, gittsiv, gittsiv, gittsiv, gintsiv (Dzherelo: “The paradigm behind A. A. Zaliznyak is again emphasized”) ... Forms of words in

Books

• Gonets, Mikhailo Babkin. Sparkling wine and champagne? Expensive cognac? Or maybe some Russian gorka? No, none of M. Babkin’s heroes – and all of them are representatives of the weaker half of humanity – are stealing beer! What...
• Gonets, Anuar Alimzhanov. In 1723, the army of Kazakh batyrs was defeated and threw Dzungar hordes out of their cordons. Ale forces were nervous. Under the pressure of the people's masses, the Kazakh khans turned violent to Russia from the bastards...

It’s no secret that the history of the world is closely connected with the exchange of information – without which the establishment of human marriage is simply impossible. The key role of such an exchange of connections is played by the transmission and reception of information using various technical means. For a long time now, people have not had enough power-packed smartphones, so they have developed more primitive features: voice, sounds, fire, smoke, etc.

Over the years, the methods of forming communication changed - those who were smart, a little later, recognized writing and began to transmit information in writing. From that time on, the information began to be transmitted in a certain way and especially intensively, and the first transmission can be safely respected on the birthday of the post.

Before speaking, the word “posta” is similar to the Polish “poczta” and the Italian “posta”. The rest, in its own way, is similar to “posta” and the Late Latin “posita”, the most abbreviated form of “statio posita in...” - a stoop, a station for changing horses, is rendered to the singing place. Well, initially this word meant a station for exchanging mail horses and couriers. The word "post" in the meaning "post" first began to be used in the 13th century.

Today, under the word “Post” we mean the installation of the post (post office, branch), the message, and the totality of the received correspondence (sheets, parcels).

Our current museum exhibits about the postal service may have a connection with them. A.S. Popova in St. Petersburg and in the Postal Museum in Ufa (close to zero kilometer).

I, leaf-bearing Pechkin, brought a bag for your boy

Historians continue to believe that the Russians took over the postal service from their conquerors, the Mongols. Then, on the main roads, postal stations appeared (at a distance of 30 to 100 versts, one at a time) - “yams”, at which “jams” (messengers) changed horses. In its own language, the words “yam” and “yamchi” resemble two Tatar words – “dzyam” (road) and “yam-chi” (guide). The word “coachman” came from the beginning, which was the name given to people who were engaged in transporting people and goods on horse-drawn vehicles. Coachman, don't drive horses...

The work of the Gints was worn out (and was subject to severe punishments from the unscrupulous appointment of the obligatory workers or the delay in the delivery lines of the parcels), so in their lava they tried to recruit less people. For example, the first settlement from Ufa to Moscow (via Kazan) in 1639 took the prince Grishka Pogorelsky as much as 70 days (maybe because he had out-of-date maps in his navigator). Try to ride a horse for 70 days... but it’s only in one day.

Layout of the postal station 17-18 st.

The word “leafworm” (before speech, also a posited word) in pre-revolutionary Russia in postal literature began to be used in 1716, and earlier the servicemen who delivered mail were called “postmen”. When there were varieties in the longevity of the type of mail, it was spread: out-of-town mail was delivered by leaf carriers, and bowl leaves - by leaf carriers.

Petro I seriously pumped up the postal system with his reforms - the very same postal connections in Russia appeared in all the main places of the country. The post office became sovereign, the first post offices were created in Russia, open post offices were opened in provincial towns, and a postmaster was introduced.

At the same time, a new uniform for postal servicemen was introduced: a dark green cloth captan with a visible emblem - a postal horn (to announce its arrival) and a red eagle (the coat of arms signifying that the postal serviceman is a government serviceman and the sign walk under the guardianship and protection of the great brother). Later, to give a sound signal, the alarm bell began to sound.

Until the end of the 18th century, the length of mail routes in Russia was 33 thousand miles (here it is indicated that it was 35204.4 kilometers).

Before the speech, since we’ve already started talking about transport, it’s impossible not to think about the climb. The first mail cars (between St. Petersburg and Moscow) began running in 1851.

Kuverti and stamps

Just as before, catless cheese was only found in bowls and cheeseburgers, punched like hamburgers. To put it simply, the overflow of leaves was not without consequences.

The leaves at that time were written on paper, which was then folded with text in the middle. The signs on the blank side indicated the address, and the folded place was often sealed with wax. Then the sheet was taken to the postal office, where the service officer (after the important delivery and clawed back pennies for the shipment) put a special stamp on it. The thing that came out as a result of the manipulation was called a “cover” (similar to the English “to cover” - to cover) and was a prototype of modern envelopes.

Stamp is a hand-type device that is used on mail to remove (manually or mechanically) stamps, services for extinguishing postal payment marks, confirming the receipt of mail, monitoring the route and time of arrival Zhenya is in age, and any signs have been applied.

Well, that’s also what they call the beat itself, which itself carries a lot of different information (depending on color, shape, size, meaning, and so on).

Obligations were constantly growing, and it was not without reason that such an incomplete method of payment had already quickly become an overlay for the military service workers themselves. Also streamlining the system of postal duties in 1845, the postal department introduced a series of reforms, among them the introduction (in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow) of the first signs of postal payment. This is how the stamped envelopes appeared - the same envelopes, but with a stamp already stamped in the Drukarsky way on the front side. Initially, there was little circulation in the area, but already in 1848, variants of various denominations appeared, including for out-of-town correspondence.

From that moment on, the external appearance and design of the envelope became virtually unchanged.

Stamps

The stamp system was replaced by postage stamps - special signs, franking (a form of advance payment by the sender for forwarding and delivery of the forwarded goods) which confirm the fact of payment for the postal services (forwarding and delivery both domestic and international one correspondence). Small and beautiful pieces of paper with a given quality (value) and a rich history.

My modest collection)

It is important to note that the Englishman Rowland Hill, who was born in 1837, became their culprit, whose mother worked in the mail and repeatedly spoke about the difficult work, the shortcomings of the postal system and road payments. At this point, Hill once floated the idea of ​​a one-man postal tariff (paid by the dispatcher), and published a pamphlet “Postal Reform, Its Importance and Purpose.” A stamp appeared there and said: “ Perhaps these impossibilities (with a lot of broken volumes in the early episodes) can be taken away with the help of a rich paper above, in order to shoot and cover in the back with glutinous wash, as bringer might, application of a little, attach to the back of the letter, so as to avoid the necessity of re-directing it» (« It is possible that this foldability (the number of stamped envelopes in the first editions) can be assigned to another paper, to add a large size to carry the stamp, and covered on the gate with a thin glue ball, which director can, with the help of a small letter log, add on the back leaves to avoid the need to redirect him."). A few years later I became the author of the first stamp (“Black Penny”), and then it rushed on…

Persha u svіti postage stamp

Russia had a few more stamps later - in 1857 to A.P. Charulsky (specialist of the postal department) adopted foreign evidence and introduced the stamp system to our cold lands.

The first projects of Russian postage stamps (presented by F.M. Kepler on June 21, 1856) were inspired by Charulsky. Later, the senior engraver of the EZGB, Franz Mikhailovich Kepler, joined the project of the stamp - having read Charukovsky’s feedback on the first samples, he began to prepare the first letters - with many variants of the design, one, which became the first postage stamp of Russia. Garna? ;)

The first stamps had to be cut with scissors, although they came out very soon, which is not the best option. In 1847, the Dublin Post Office employee Henry Archer began working on perforations to punch through round openings along the entire perimeter of the stamp. But few people know that the perforation of postage stamps is carried out not only to make the stamps easier to separate - the shape of the perforation and the same size is also one of the ways to protect the particles.

Mailboxes

The appearance of stamped envelopes made it easier to pay for shipping and made the presence of the postal official unnecessary. All this has come about with the rapid appearance of postal screens (for collecting and preserving leaves) right on the streets of the city.

The design options for postal screens varied from one watch to another - both street and "home", and vandal-proof, and screens with devices for displaying stamps - in rich museums, as a rule, entire collections.

Viysk rocks

One on the right is the civil sheets, and the most important thing is the need to exchange information during military operations, if the mail was required even more. Signs of the Great German War were given - the movement of millions of people resulted in a great increase in the flow of postal exchanges, through which the mail (as well as telegraphs, about a few years later) worked in earnest, now collecting thousands and the order. To put the scale into perspective, in the Bashkir Republic alone (Ufa was an important warehouse postal system during these hours) at the outbreak of the war, over 20 million sheets of paper were processed, dispatched and delivered.

A bit of simple arithmetic: the statistical average speed of LTE connection from Megafon in St. Petersburg was 50 megabits per second for reception. If we assume that all 20 million sheets of the Bashkir Republic had military fates written on A4 paper frames (on both sides, that is, approximately 5000 characters per card box), then we wrote about the text (20,000,000 * 5 KB =) 95.367 GB) it is possible to acquire bulo in 4.5 years. I can honestly say that leafing through the entire region could be downloaded in a week... so what am I talking about.

Before the speech, sheets and postal cards addressed to the front were forcefully abused.

Our hour

At the end of the last millennium, technology began to develop particularly intensively, and Russia began to have mobile connections and the Internet. The high level of penetration of these technologies is clearly reflected by the nature of communication between people: the flow of simple letter correspondence continues to be fleeting.

But the people of the region spent practically nothing (except for the joy of tearing off a warm lamp sheet) - and they even came electronically to replace the paper mail. To transmit information, you don’t need to breed a lot, keep messenger pigeons... but you don’t necessarily need to know where the postal screen is located closest to your office – it’s enough to reach your phone/tablet/laptop in any place same for a call. Whether it’s mailing addresses, mailing and removal of sheets, whether it’s attachment of files, collective listing, forwarding, sorting - well, that’s all. Traveling thousands of kilometers from the office, I am aware of what is happening at work.

If only it would have taken more than one day to send it all in one go.
There will be more.

Now you have finished reading the first article about the history of the development of the connection, all others will be published on the pages

What can you post today for Christmas? Today we are getting used to this activity. Bring us leaves, newspapers, litter. And yet, such an extraordinary phenomenon, like a postal bundle, was still unsatisfactory, but in its history there were mysteries, unexceptional and spluttering. The book that you discovered today, written not by a historian, but by an engineer, contains a collection of postage stamps, envelopes, cards and reports on the history of the Russian post.

Before I can write this book, the author has looked through a great number of books and articles, thousands of archival references. Significant material derived from it, great and very diverse. The previously published news about the postal service is strictly protected. We received archival material that was previously unknown to a wide range of readers.

In the pre-revolutionary and Radian times, a number of books were published in our country on the history of the Russian postal system, among which were the investigations of such authors as I. Y. Gurlyand, I. P. Kozlovsky and M. M. Vitashevska. All the robots can see beyond the cut of the path passed by the ham link.

The book by A. N. Vigilov - a mysterious robot. She consistently examines the stages of development of the Russian post, starting with the 9th century. The book has a lot of author's notes. Descriptions of the addresses of the birch bark letters of the Novgorodians, the first mysteries about the payment for runs and the rules of travel for the residents of Novgorod were revealed 1266 r. The author argues that in the first quarter of the 17th century. Yamskaya ganba with sheets to the place of the zasichnaya boundary - Tulu, Mtsensk and others, was a regular inflow.

Materials that are rarely published allowed O. Vigilev to report on the postal activities of such major powers and public figures as D. M. Pozharsky, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, A. A. Vinius.

The history of the post cannot be seen in the country as a whole. Therefore, the monograph was written on the basis of the socio-economic development of marriage, it contains the approach of a light diet, which at first glance does not seem to be waiting for the post. For example, the fastening of coachmen and others. At the same time, the development of the Russian communication service is being equalized with the postal service of the most guilty countries.

The first part of the work covers the period of development of the mail order from the beginning of the 9th century to the end of the 17th century.

The book does not pretend to be full of contributions, but it will undoubtedly create great interest for the reader.

Added propaganda

Board of the All-Union Association of Philatelists

Peredmova

To realize that not even one beautiful day on earth will create a special connection. No more sheets and newspapers will be brought to you, trains and ships are humming, and the silver wings of wind-powered liners will not fall in the sky. The senders themselves have to deliver the sheets to the addressees.

Just like a stone woman.

The history of the exchange of messages begins in the Stone Age. Then the information was transmitted by lights, signal drums and pipes. The forces were exhausted with sleepy knowledge. Such a message begins with a “sheet” from the sender’s words, and then relays it to the addressee. Our memory about this has been lost: we often say “the leaf says”, but not “the leaf says”.

The powers are responsible for their delivery of the crops. There is no post without power, just as there is no power without post. One of the first steps to be taken by the young power is to create a connection, a tool, to inform the world about its people. And it doesn’t matter at all how new it was conveyed. Having rushed off the supersonic flight, the messenger carried and the sound of drums spread. It is truly deprived of those that the message went through the communication channels.

Of course, the shipment of one guinea, which travels hundreds of kilometers without roads, without changing horses and overnight, cannot be called mail. This situation lacks what we called for the special connection: there are no roads, there are no repair points, there are no changes in transfer methods. Only the correspondence delivery system, at least at its most primitive, is by mail. In the old days, the obligatory washroom for the creation of mail was the presence of roads, a station for repairing and changing the transfer methods and the transfer methods themselves.

The great powers of old Assyria, Egypt, Persia, Rome, the Incan power of Mali. Horses plied along the brook roads and caravan tracks. They changed horses and changed horses at special stations. Vlasna, from the Latin word “mancio pozita...” - “station at the point...” and the word “post” comes from it. 2500 years ago, the relay method of transferring leaves from one generation to the next had already stalled. In most countries, for a long time, the postal service transmitted more than ordinary correspondence. There is evidence that private leaves were delivered in Greece, especially during the Olympic Games. If such requests were made regularly, it is impossible to say - the daily news was not saved.

Resent news on the territory of our Fatherland in recent times. Even in the first millennium BC, Greek historians thought about the transfer of information from the peoples of the Black Sea and Central Asia - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Sakis and Masagetians.

In the middle of the 9th century, in the early days of the founding of Kievan Rus, the foundations of the Russian post were laid - one of the oldest in Europe. In one row with her, after an hour of guilt, one can put the connection between Great Britain and Spain.

The first news about the English post was due until 1100. This was the service of the kings, who delivered the royal correspondence. It appears that, in addition to the leaves, the messages were more powerfully conveyed to sleep. After 200 rocks, the first mail stations appeared for King Edward I, and even after a few rocks (in 1307–1327), as they assume, the post office was open for foreign exchange. In this way, the English service continued until the beginning of the 17th century, when regular so-called “through mail” was introduced; the top leaf-nosses rose throughout the line, changing in the singing places of the horses. The hour of arrival at the station was indicated on the back of the sheet.

In Spain, “the messengers who sign the pledge for the help of leaves” are first recognized in the laws of the Castilian king Alfonso X (1252-1284). Also in Catalonia there was a workshop of gins, which included correos (spare gins). This word means infection in the countries, as they say in Spanish, mail. Delivery of sheets was most expensive in Barcelona. There for 1338 rubles. Postal rules were in effect, a notice was introduced about the delivery of correspondence and delivery, similar to daily courier sheets.

Middle Germany was divided into different powers and towns. Ale, there was a service in the minds there. A number of documents confirm the presence of local envoys in Germany already in the 14th century. For example, residents of the town of Nordhausen from 1358 went to Erfurt, Frankenhausen, Hildesheim, Kelbra, and served the castles and abbeys built nearby. The first regular postal line was created for 1646 rubles. at Brandenburzi.

It was called the Dragoon and passed between Berlin and Kleve through Münster. Until the fierce 1649 r. The post office was served inclusively by dragoons; they transported ordinary correspondence and leaves of foreign messages.

Information about the speed of delivery of foreign mail has been preserved. In the 15th century in France it was around 150 kilometers per extraction, and in Germany at the end of the 17th century. - Close to two hundred.

In 1266 rubles, perhaps 100 years earlier, in Nizhnechchyna - the region with the most advanced postage at that time, the first rules for the passage of nationals through Russian lands appear. The post office then became an indispensable link for the state administrative machine and, in particular, a link between important people.

p align="justify"> A special place in Russian history is occupied by the post of Veliky Novgorod in the 11th-15th centuries. The discovery of dozens of birch bark leaves, delivered by bundling channels, allows one to speak not only about the widespread literacy of Novgorodians, but also about the establishment in the republic of a faulty system for the transfer of private correspondence.

The Tatar invasion brought unhealed plagues to the Russian land. Zupinivsya rozvit poshti. For many years, the Vitchiz system was in existence only as early as the 13th century. The only thing that the Russians deposited with the newcomers is the price of the new name - Yamsk race.

Z The end of the 15th century, after the Russian state threw off the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the development of the Yamsk persecution system began. The first postal installations are appearing, the delivery of ship summons is being improved. Foreigners who visited Moscow as early as the first quarter of the 16th century called the Russian delivery system by mail, although in Russia this word began to become widely used only in the middle of the 17th century.

A great contribution to the development of the Russian post was made by the prominent sovereign leader A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin. Under his administration, a regular postal service was created. This system was colored and expanded from the beginning of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century. Regular delivery of sheets was carried out from Moscow to Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Azov, Kiev and across all of Siberia from Kyakhta to the Chinese border.

The history of the Russian postal service began in Moscow at the walls of the archive of the College of Foreign Inquiries. G. F. Miller was the first to focus on materials on the history of the Russian post. His “portfolios” contain dozens of archival copies of documents about the post office of the 18th century.

Through several rocks, in 1807, under the supervision of the director of the archive N. N. Bantish-Kamensky Boulevard, a “Record of the cob mortgage and further investigation of the post office in Russia” was compiled. The book began with documents dated 1665, when the word was first spelled out in official acts mail

In the same fate, Karazin received a message from the Moscow Archive, stating that Russian mail was sent only from the hours of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, and until then “letters between private persons” These principalities were rarely established due to the commonality of needs and rudeness to the people. whatever you need."

The first person who allowed me to doubt the correctness of this was A.F. Malinovsky. In the materials he collected on the history of Moscow, he pointed to the “Notes” of the Austrian diplomat S. Herberstein, who back in 1517. calling the Russian Yamsk persecution mail, and the coachmen - keruyuchi mail. As soon as A. F. Malinovsky’s recordings were published, they became known to the general public. As a result, all further investigations about the Russian mail often included half a quotation from S. Herberstein’s book, only about the speed of delivery of correspondence.

About 90 years after the rumors of A.F. Malinovsky, a book by private associate professor of the Demidiv Law Lyceum I was published in Yaroslavl. Y. Gurlyanda “Yamsk persecution in the Moscow state until the end of the 17th century.” Her author, on the basis of official documents of the Dovs, says that coachmen began to transport horses with charters as early as the 13th century. This current book was published between 1900 and 1901. in such insignificant circulations that already for 2-3 rubles. has become a bibliographic rarity.

In 1913, up to the 300th century, “the house of the Romanov Tsars”, a two-volume study was published by the University of Warsaw. P. Kozlovsky “First Posts and First Posts in the Moscow State.” Due to the current circumstances, the author categorically confirmed that the post in Russia was blamed only for the reign of the Romanovs, itself in 1665, and since the Moscow state was at home. Irrespective of the mercy of this affirmation, robot I. P. Kozlovsky - a classic work on the history of the country of the other half of the 17th century. The most important part of the investigation is the history of the mail chase from Moscow to Novgorod and beyond “overseas”. Using the richest materials from the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the historian created a picture of the work of the postal line in great detail. All the information about the “overseas” post of the 17th century that has appeared in historical literature, in essence, reflects the investigation of I. P. Kozlovsky.

On the cob of my book I. P. Kozlovsky complains about the increasing presence of documents from the beginning of the 17th century in our archives. True from recent times to the 17th century. About a hundred assets have been preserved, including papers from the 17th–18th centuries. amount to tens of thousands. This situation is clearly indicated in the recent history of the postal service. And yet, from these crunchy reports, which are from ancient acts, in several instances one can find out about the old Russian mail. A great number of facts are contained in these archival papers, which the hand of a postal historian has never touched. This is the basis of the book of the Order of Order, Punishment of old fates. Senate contributions and other funds. A book was written for the materials of these documents.

The author brings his deep contribution to the spivorbitniks of the Central Sovereign Archive of Ancient Assets of M.I. Avtokratova, I. G. Korolyova, Moscow collectors B.K. Stalbaum, V.B. Barkov and S.V. Kristi, who provided help and encouragement in writing this book.

I. The list of currents of the Russian Post

Recently, there has been a transfer of news to Russia. Already from 885 rub. In Russian chronicles the words appear: “sent to say”, “sent a message”. Of course, the current transmission system has become known even far from postal service in the current sense of the word: the delivery of sheets was irregular, the messenger was required to carry one letter, most often the messenger had traveled tens of kilometers without changing horses, privately individuals, except especially noble and wealthy people, could not become corrupted by the sovereign power. I'll mail it. Alas, let’s not forget that it was not enough, the mail was a reliable and successful lanka between the places and the tsvintars (unfortified settlements) of Kievan Rus.

Kievan Rus is a power of high culture, with wide economic connections. Passionate Russian merchants traded all over the world. In the Arab Caliphate, Byzantium, the Czech Republic and later in England they knew Kiev zbra, khutro, honey, chopped kustka. The power of craftsmen and traders respected Rus' on its way out. “Gardarikia” - the extreme place - was called in the Scandinavian sagas. Bavarian geographer of the 9th century. having learned from the Slavic (Russian) tribes 556 places.

From the White Sea to the branch of the Danube and from the Volga to the Carpathians, the “empire of the Rurik dynasty” reached, as Karl Marx called our ancient land. Dozens of tribes and peoples, Slovenian and non-Slavic, lived on this untouchable plain. They were bound by numerical bonds: language, faith, rulership, defense needs, tribalism.

Books like “vchennya knizhkovo” were popular in Russia. The state school was founded in the 10th century. for Volodimir Svyatoslavovich, there was also a school of elementary literacy. “The importance of books,” according to the words of academician B. D. Grekov, “is the beginning of simple literacy, and the development of sciences, organized on the basis of Greek schools.” This school has already taught literate people. They recruited the children of the “innocent children”, i.e., senior warriors, princes, boyars, in order to woo the sanctified buyers, the innocent government officials, and the nobles to encourage the reconciliation with Byzantium. and other countries. Around the Kiev school, similar initial foundations were located near Kursk, Novgorod and other places.

In Russia X-XIII centuries. the course had such important characteristics as scholar, philosopher, scribe. The sanctification of the kiyan was a great value among the inhabitants of the western European powers. Such a typical butt. The daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, was befriended by the French king Henry I. Queen Hanna was, according to witnesses, a highly sanctified woman of her time. She spoke foreign languages ​​and knew Latin. I have saved my Latin autograph 1063… “ANA REHINA” - “Hanna Queen”. The king himself could not write his name.

The level of awareness in Russia was such that the Kiyans, who were hired by the ruling elite, could not help but know the existence of mail in other countries. The lists that were preserved at that time are filled with quotes from the works of foreign, especially Greek, authors: Homer, Aristotle, Plato, Xenophon.

Old Russian school. Miniature from an ancient manuscript (Life of Anthony Siysky. 1648) State Historical Museum (DIM)

It was appreciated that the great number of messages sent to the massacre of the dzherel would brighten the author’s thoughts. It is possible that among the books known to our distant ancestors was the “Cyropedia” of the Greek historian Xenophon. It describes the service of the strongest horsemen, organized by the governor of Asia Minor Cyrus the Young. Here a line of roads and stations was created where the horses moved. The horsemen carried the leaves day and night, until the great rise “maybe the cranes could fly below.”

High culture and awareness encouraged the exchange of thoughts not only with residents of their own place, but also with those from other cities. There is no need to write the book, but to forward what has been written. This required the visibility of the notification transmission system, and required a postal connection.

The warlike tribes of the Polovtsians, Khazars, and Pechenigs moved away from the Kiev lands. The raids on Rus' began to stink as quickly as possible. To defeat the attacks of the nomads, the forces of the princes and regiments were brought together. The system for the exchange of letters was created for us in advance. With the re-shipment of the military messengers, the Russian postal service began.

The main source of information about the methods of transmission of information in Russia X–XIII centuries. serve old chronicles. Throughout the century one can hear the stench of the singing march of Russian troops, the alarm sound of evening bells, the joyful knocking of teslar juices. And in the midst of news about the actual exploits of our ancestors, as is now the case, there are news about the sending of troops and evangelists.

Geographical knowledge in Russia about the Old World according to the map compiled by academician B. A. Ribakov

“Having read the writings, I will tell you...”

We can see this picture.

Kyiv. Cell of one of the monasteries. A monk sits at a table covered with sheets of parchment. Carefully, while sticking out the face of the arkush, you should write out the vermilion: “In the summer of 6393...”. Then the chronicler exchanged his pencil for a pen and began his sermon: “Sending Oleg to the Radimichs, saying: (“Who are you giving the tribute to?” They said: “To the Khoears.” And Oleg said: “Don’t give it to the Khazars, otherwise pay me”).

This is the first chronicle riddle about the gathering of the spring. First, a word about the origin of the Russian post.

Who did the prince send to the Radimichi? First, what falls on the thought - they were sent later. Ale about the embassies, the chronicler began to speak differently. For example, at 907 rubles. Pushov Oleg waged war on the Greeks and besieged Tsargorod. His warriors put their ships on wheels and, with a fair wind, drove to the place. Bachachi, the Greeks got angry and “said through Oleg: “Don’t ruin the place, you will give tribute as you wish.” Five years later, “Oleg sent his men to settle the world and establish an agreement between the Greeks and Russians.” The chroniclers used similar words when they spoke about the post-revolutions.

Is it possible that Oleg could get by without intermediaries? Did you come from the retinue of Volodin Radimichi? And in this case the chronicler would have known differently.

Old leaves of chronicles rustle, and under the rock of 964 a similar message: “I went to the Oka River and to the Volga, and to the Vyatichs, and said to them: “To whom do you give tribute?” They said: “We give plows to the Lords according to the gap.” The nature of the diet here is the same as that of the Radimichs. Let me tell you that Svyatoslav himself, having broken the deal with the Vyatichi, is Oleg as a messenger.

By the end of the century, the system of sending letters became so widespread that the great princes of Kiev, fighting with it, could easily elect governors and the leaders of their numbered places, not only for war, but also in the area of ​​the banquet.

At 996 rub. The Pechenigs came to Vasilyev. The Kiev prince Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich, who came out from a small army, could not stand against them. The squad fled, and he himself finally came to fight before the enemies under the bridge. Then Volodymyr, out of fear, gave obedience to St. Basil's Church in the name of the Transfiguration, since the battle took place on the day of this Orthodox saint (6th sickle). “Having overcome his troubles, Volodymyr seemed to have celebrated the church and celebrated the Great Holy Day, having brewed three hundred meals of honey. And having called his boyars, posadniks and elders from all places and all sorts of people in abundance... And the prince celebrated the holy day of all days, and returned to Kiev on the day of the Dormition” (15th serpnya).

To get the chronicle, they sent out the guests and collected the guests for one bounty. Ale is not enough. Volodymyr is located not only near Kiev, but also in more distant places. Obviously, the guests came with a stretch of the holy saint. Many of the requested mothers can ride horses or travel hundreds of kilometers, first of all spending time on the banquet. And yet, regardless of the chronicler’s excesses, the very fact of sending a large number of messengers to the important stations is a noticeable touch in the exchange of information in Russia.

And the axis of butt leafing between members of the grand ducal homeland on the cob of the 11th century.

1015 rub. Grand Duke of Kiev Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich died. On the prince's table, his son Svyatopolk is the “cursed one,” as his chronicler called him. Fearing the supernity, he will plan to kill his brothers Boris and Glib. And the races rushed to all sides of the Russian state. An active exchange of letters began between the children of the late prince. Svyatopolk walked from Murom to Glib with terrible information about his father’s illness. Princess Predslava wrote to her brother Yaroslav near Veliky Novgorod about the death of Volodymyr and the killing of Boris. He tells his friend about this Gliba. All the news reached the authorities.

In the XII century. There are connections between nearby places and pet principalities. “Volodymyr chronicler” under the rock 1185 rub. informs about the exchange of letters between the Volodymyr Grand Duke Vsevolod the Great Nest and the Kiev Metropolitan

Friend of the Tmutarakan mayor Ratibor (gateway bik)

Nikifor. The reason for the listing was that the ruler Nicephorus installed hegumen Luke as bishop of Volodymyr. After Vsevolod’s third message, the Metropolitan resigned.

The letters were sent one by one by noble “most beautiful” people, clergy, and merchants.

The title of this painting was a quotation from a literary monument of the 13th century. "Kiev-Pechersk Patericon". It begins with the message of Bishop Simon to Polycarp. Before us is a sheet that will last until the first quarter.

XIII century, infused with the incredible aroma of gray old wine. But what is valuable to us is not so much the literary merits of the message, but rather the multiple riddles it has about the transfer of letters. Monk Polycarp writes from Kiev to Volodymyr, Bishop Simon, and he confirms this. Simon, in his turn, is intensively exchanging pages with the Grand Duchess of Kiev Anastasia-Verkhuslava.

Unfortunately, archaeological expeditions that worked in Crimea, near Kiev and in the Poltava region found these lead seals. The dimensions of the cross are (22–27 mm or more), but the appearance is the same: on one side is depicted Clement - the Pope of Rome (it is assumed that Clement is the Christian name of the ruler - Ratibor). On the side of the image is written “About Clement”. On the back it reads: “View of Ratibor.”

In Pochatkovu's Chronicles under 1079 rubles. It is revealed that the Grand Duke of Kiev Vsevolod Yaroslavich recognized the mayor of Ratibor at Tmutarakan (on the current Tamansky Peninsula). Nadali Ratibor was known as a boyar for Volodymyr Monomakh and a thousand in Kiev. At 1095 rub. (according to certain chronicles in 1093) in the courtyard of the boyar in Pereyaslav, the Polovtsian Khan Itlar was killed, after which the united princely regiments defeated the Polovtsians, filled with They brought her thinness, horses, camels, slaves to their land.

The descendant of Ratibor’s seals, V. L. Yanin, pays tribute to the form of the inscription on the seal - “Vid Ratibor.” In my opinion, it not only indicates the trustworthiness of the friend, but also indicates the return address of the correspondence sender.

The discovery of Ratibor's signets in Crimea and near Kiev made it completely clear - the mayor himself had been in these places. How the postmark for the Poltava region was lost is a mystery. Possibly, they were sealed letters sent by Ratibor through other communication channels.

The most typical example of the everyday exchange of news between Russian people in ancient times is, perhaps, the birch bark letter of the Novgorod merchant Gordey. On the cob of the XII century. this Novgorodian wrote to his fathers from Smolensk:

“The slope from Gordey to his father and mother. Having sold your trust, go here either to Smolnsk or to Kiev... Otherwise, don’t go, but sit down with me to read, or.” The proud cry of the fathers went as far as Smolensk as far as Kiev. If they don’t want to come, then don’t let them know about your health. How simple it is! If you want, come, if you don’t want, write, send a letter.

Berestyan's letter "Uklin from Gordiya"

Simple “young” and “black” people at that time were more likely to profit from the services of the messengers. But there was no particular need for that. The rulership, the homeland ties of the city craftsman and the peasant were no more fused than their neighboring settlements. True, the Novgorod birch bark letter was issued by the villagers to their lords about poverty: “those who have horses are trash, but in others there is nothing at all.” This difference characterizes swedish economical bundles, not shipments.

The faulty system of transmission of notifications allowed for the rapid transmission of notifications about various divisions. As it stands to reason, it goes without saying about the distribution of news from the various editions of the collection of laws 1209 r. in “Russkiy Pravda”: “Whoever takes over someone else’s slave and gives a report to Mr. Yogo, then I’ll give him (for the captured) hryvnia.” Not in the Kievan Rus of the 13th century, this paragraph was never included in the fundamental law of the state. Putting a burden on someone else's slave, who, having captured, reported about this master, the rules of the "Russian Truth" were chanting that the message sent to know their master.

Listuvannya iz susidami

Wide trade, cultural and military ties between Kievan Rus and other countries led to frequent exchanges of information.

Rus' conducted great trade with many countries and, for that matter, with Byzantium. Not long ago, trades ended peacefully: merchants took up the spoils and set prices for goods with the sword. Tom, putting in 945 rubles. agreement with Prince Igor, the Greeks asked that all merchants come to their places without a reservation and with princely letters. The charters may indicate how many ships arrived for what purposes. “If we come without letters,” we read in the agreement, “and stumble in our hands, then we (the Greeks) will put them away under our eyes, until we are informed by your prince... If, having flown in, we turn to Rus', then we will write to your prince, don’t let him shy away from what you want.”

Once the agreement between the two of them is established, the sending of messages from Byzantium to Rus' will occur. True, messages of this nature could have been delivered to Kiev by the merchants themselves, who were bound by the contract to return to their home country before the winter.

Let's read the agreement to the end. One of the remaining articles read: “As we believe, kings, you have warriors against our opponents, let us write about that great prince of yours, and what we write amuses them so much.” Of course, we can’t talk about any kind of benefit here. In response, the Greeks sent a special force to Kiev with instructions to send the prince’s warriors.

The Russian princes were in dispute with the rich ruling dynasties of the corrupted countries. In addition, permanent representatives of the Kiev Grand Duke lingered in various out-of-the-way places for new information. The Arab geographer and mandrivnik al-Idrisi, who led Europe in the 12th century, testifies that there was a “Russian representation” in the Bulgarian town of Shumen. Perhaps it was created long before Idris’s arrival in Shumen. Kiev supported connections with European capitals and places with the help of the Chinese people.

The transfer of messages between Kiev and Tsargorod, the capital of Byzantium, between Russia, Byzantium, Bulgaria and nomadic tribes began, according to chronicles, in the forties of the 11th century.

941 rub. Pishov Igor marched against the Greeks. “I sent the Bulgarians a message to the Tsar (Byzantine) that the Russians were going to Tsargorod: ten thousand ships.” Igor's campaign ended soon after - the Greeks burned his ships. Three years later, Igor again went to war against the Byzantine Tsar Roman, gathering a great army. “Having sensed this, the Corsuns sent to Roman with the words: “The Russians are coming, without their ships, they covered the sea with ships.” Also, the Bulgarians sent a message, saying: “The Russians are coming and have hired the Pechenigs from themselves.” The result of this campaign was the same agreement of 945 rubles, which we had already reached.

Such information about the transfer of messages between peoples is found in ancient Russian chronicles. It is clear from them that the Gents were sent by dry land and sea. Information about the campaign of Igor from the people of Korsun (Chersonese) could only have been sent through the Black Sea. Of course, about postage, as such, you can’t buti y move here. These chronicles confirm another very important fact - in ancient times, at the court of every ruler, including the Kiev princes, there lived people who knew the roads well, not only their own, but also that of their neighboring state. It was impossible to trust such an important message as the news about the attack of an enemy, people who don’t know where to take him.

The Hints were sent to more than a few nations. Chronicles range from information about messengers to nomadic tribes. We know from childhood the story about the death of the Kiev prince Svyatoslav.

At 972 rub. Prince Svyatoslav returned to Rus' after one of his many campaigns. The water flows with the squad on the main Dnieper and goes to the rapids. At this hour, before the Pechenigs, who were wandering along the rapids, a message came from Pereyaslavets on the Danube: “The Axis has taken you to Rus', Svyatoslav with a small army, having taken from the Greeks a lot of wealth and countless soldiers.” The Pechenigs immediately entered the rapids. The end of the story is well known: at the hour of Svyatoslav’s death, a cup was crushed from his skull and Kurya, Prince Pechenizky, drank from it on the banquets.

It is impossible, of course, to assert that the very execution of the spring by the Pereyaslavl people became the cause of the death of Svyatoslav. I, no less, don’t worry about the Xth century. the system of military heralds, this could not have happened.

Behind the old books, you can approximately find, for how many hours you have been in the door, messages to the final land. Thus, in the work “Zain al-akhbar” (“Beauty of Recognition”) by the Arabic scholar Gardizi, it is said: “I walked between the Ugric people and the Slovians for two days... And between the Pechenigs and the Slovenians, I walked on the off-road for two days, And this path (to pass) through the dzherela and even the forest mist.”

Byzantine emperor in the first half of the 10th century. Kostyantin Porphyrogenitus in his work “About the Chervanian Empire” described the geographical position of the Pechenia land in the following way: “The Pechenia lies between Uzsia and Khazaria on a five-day march, from Alania (Ossetia) on our There are days, from Mordia (Mordvia) for ten days, from Russia for one day, from Turkey for many days and from Bulgaria for a day."

Now let’s look at the testimony of the Ugric Chinese-Dominican Julian about the dangers of the sea route. At 1235–1237 pp. During the hour-long trip to the Lower Volga region, Volga Bulgaria, Volodymyr-Suzdal and Pivdennaya Russia, Julian had the opportunity to walk part of the route from the capital of Byzantium to the Kerch region by water. "Having arrived there (near Constantinople) on the sea, after 33 days they arrived in the land called Sychia, in a place called Matrika (Tmutarakan)." In this case, the peculiarities of navigation at that time are taken into account. The route near Tmutarakan passes the border of the Turkish and Caucasian shores of the Black Sea. The year-olds took care, if possible, not to waste dry skin. At the end of the day, the ships were hauled ashore and the roadways were put on the road again. So, using such a system, covering a two-thousand-kilometer highway in thirty-three days is not so bad.

The roads of the Russian principalities

The main idea is that in Russia in a long time there were no more small land routes. In the novels of the novels, the messenger is a messenger-Narozneshchasnishhasha Lytin in the svіtі: їed without a hut-road by Zvyrino Strokoy, and on the trees to sit the Solov-Rozbiyniki I Mriyut Vidibrati at the nyogo hat with Princess Grandoye.

Russian chronicles and investigations of other people prove the baselessness of similar assertions.

The clearing of roads and the building of bridges across rivers are repeatedly mentioned in chronicles. We can say more about the efforts of the Kiev Grand Dukes about the improvement of roads. And now let’s try to understand how quickly we traveled in the old days.

At 1021 rub. The prince of Polotsk, Bryachislav, came to Novgorod, having captured him, burying the Novgorodians with all their lanes, and routing them back to Polotsk. Having learned about this, Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise, unwillingly, set out with his army from Kiev, and on the seventh day caught up with Bryachislav at Sudomir-ritsa and moved.

The Sudomir River in the Pskov region is approximately on the route between Novgorod and Polotsk. From Kiev to it there are several hundred kilometers. The prince's squad galloped all the way these days at an average speed of 110–115 kilometers per day.

Already on the cob XI century. Along the Novgorod road, spring riders from Kiev and back galloped day and night. Until 1015, chronicles confirm this fact. We know that during that fate, Grand Duke Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich died near Kiev. A message about this was sent to his son to Novgorod. “On those same nights,” it goes in the chronicle, “the news came to Yaroslav about Father’s Death.” As if the road between Kiev and Novgorod was pothole upon pothole, it is unlikely that anyone would want to drive it at night. Only the satisfied camp of the road allowed the horse to rush along in the dark. It must be noted that the information about Volodymyr’s death did not reach Novgorod in one day. Just on those nights, as the chronicler writes about, at the courtyard of a certain Paramon, the Novgorodians killed the Varangians. How long the messenger left is unknown. Use two more. Once again about driving off-road on Russian roads.

“Tales of Bygone Years” tell about the Russian campaign near the Polovtsian steppe in 1111. During another week of fasting (26 February), the prince's troops rode on sleighs from Kiev and on Friday stood on the banks of the Suli. The offensive wound was continued by marching and the horses were watered from the Khorol River for the evening. The winter road lay beneath the hot sun, and the road became impassable. On Khorol there was a “sleigh” and the pikes went on. Last night they reached Psela. The entire route from Kiev to Psel is about 300 kilometers, so the combatants traveled a little less than forty per day.

The Russian princes went to war one on one, fought, made peace and got into trouble again. As a result of one of these weldings, the servants of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk Izyaslavich in 1097 r. They blinded the Terebovl prince Vasilko Rostislavich near Bilgorod near Kiev, called him onto a cart and took him to Volodymyr-Volinsky. “We followed him along a rather uneven path,” the chronicler reports, “for it was a “unrestful” month—the chest,” or the fall of leaves. The stench arrived at the place on the sixth day. The distance from Kiev to Volodymyr-Volinsky is about 500 km. Ale navit an uneven path they were subdued in six days. There were no special reasons for the rush; the previous travelers covered over 80 kilometers to get their food.

However, 80 kilometers to get - the speed is not very high for the 11th century. The Russian princes were traveling faster at that hour.

In his “Beloved Children”, Prince Volodymyr Monomakh reveals that from “Chernigov to Kiev he traveled almost a hundred times to his father.” Monomakh sat on the “Chernigiv table” for fifteen rocks from 1079 to 1093, so a hundred trips for such a term is not so rich, about once or two months. A little further, Volodymyr informs that this will take place “from one day to the evening” - “one day from the evening to the evening”, then in 10–12 years.

How did the prince go? From Kiev to Chernigov a little more than 140 kilometers. Driving down such a road without anything, without a hitch, would be exhausting. Here, dorosya tops are little to develop a tooth, like, pamper the horses and change them. On the most exciting month of the holiday, you will be able to get out from 988 rubles. Gorodets on Ostrya (Ninishny Oster). It lies approximately on the highway between Kiev and Chernigov. Here, in the prince’s and foreign courtyards, the mandrivniks could begin to make repairs.

Foreign courtyards have been visible in Russia since the 11th century. The memory of this was preserved in the name of one of the places in the Nishny Chernihiv region - Priluki, or, as it is called in chronicles, Priluk. In some lists “Tales of Bygone Years” this is also called Perevolochna- place of white portage, relocation. There are too many words for this reason Priluki the most correct - lintel, lintel, entrance door. In chronicles, Priluk is first guessed at 1092 rubles.

In addition, “The Rebels” Volodymyr Monomakh confesses: “I burned Vseslav of Smolensk, and I rode on horseback with the Chernihivians.” Not pishov, not driving, but rushing! The horses that galloped with a handle and top “on the reins” were called “leaders.” Call for the Swedish ride, 2-3 horses competed. By transferring from one to the other, people could walk long distances without breaking their feet.

Princes and their messages could be heard not only in foreign yards, but also in princely villages. According to chronicles, there were a lot of them throughout the Russian land. Many of them enjoy wide popularity. Tse - Berestov and Predslavina near Kiev, Rakoma near Novgorod, Bogolyubovo and Moscow near Suzdal land.

Obviously, the princely gents, standing in bases in the villages, could travel the roads as smoothly as the princes. Confirmation of this can be found in the Suzdal Chronicle.

The old Yurievskaya road runs along the outskirts of Volodymyr, where tourists rarely come. With a deep old yar - Yerofevsky convoy to lead out beyond the boundaries of the place. Here we are surrounded by the intangible expanse of fields, blue and green islands of forest. There are soft ovals along the road to the early sunset. The silhouette of Volodymyr changes and goes back. The road is surrounded by the endless expanses of the “opilla” - the oldest breadbasket of Pivnichno-Skhidnaya Russia. This land dates back to the 12th century. was given by Prince Andriy Bogolyubsky to the Volodymyr Assumption Cathedral. The names of the villages of Opill are so old: Teremets, Pusty Yaroslavl, Yanovets, Volosovo, Stary Dvir.

And once on the old Yuriyevskaya dosage...

But let's describe this in the same order as they were created.

21st quarter 1216 rub. settled on the Lipetsk field on the outskirts of the Yuryev-Polish army of Novgorod and Suzdal. The Zhorstok Sich ended with the defeat of the united forces of Yaroslav Pereslavsky and Yuri Volodymyrsky. The princes fled. It became a lie. And around noon, from the walls of Volodymyr, they spotted a top on the old Yuriyivsky road, galloping at full speed. At first, the residents mistook him for a gentleman, bearing the news of victory. “I think that Prince Gents will run to the city with the news.” It’s true that it’s Prince Yuri. In less than a few years, “I will run to Volodymyr on the fourth horse, and stifle three.” On the fifth horse, having spent his golden shalom on the way, Prince Yaroslav galloped near Pereslavl.

Kozhen iz vtikachi rode about 70 kilometers: Yuri a little less, Yaroslav a little more. The horses were changed approximately 15 kilometers away.

All the chronicles that speak about this race agree on one thing: the princes drove these horses. Whether any of the princes “stifled” more horses, and which less, there is no single thought. And this is even more important in view of the history of the post. The one who wrote, knowing that between Pereslavl and Volodymyr there were a lot of such points, the official person could cut off the horses. A great number of camps took place, and how the stinks were removed, the administrators of these chronicles might not have known.

So what was the route from Pereslavl to Volodymyr? The spring road passed from the impassable Berendievo swamp to the treeless expanse of Opillya. Infect this great traveler, call the names on the maps “Other rake-free roads”. Taking into account the current names of the settlements, the route of the race looked like this: Pereslavl - Nikulsk - Ryazantsevo - Simi - Soroguzhine - Yuryev - Fedorovske - Stary Dvir - Novooleksandrov - Volodymyr.

Let's return to the chronicle about the murder of the princes Boris and Glib and try to describe the legends in the new way of the Gents. From which we can be helped by Z. Khodakovsky’s book “The Ways of Accomplishment in Ancient Russia,” which was published over a hundred years ago. The book, which has now become a bibliographical rarity, tells about the history of ancient Russian settlements, the hour of their demise, the roads that connected them. Using the inscriptions of Z. Khodakovsky, we will try to renew the way of the spring.

The first to go was the messenger from the Grand Duke Svyatopolk to Murom. The first part of his path lay along the already familiar Chernigov road. Having crossed near Kiev through the Dnieper (a place across the river formerly Yaroslav Volodymyrovych through several rocks), he went through the Desni to Oster, and then to Chernigov. The star, having said goodbye to the Desna, rushed through the black earth fields to Pivnich at every hour, until the road brought him to the banks of the Sozh. New places began to flash: Gomiy (Gomel), Slavgorod, Whirlpool. Following the current of the Whirlwind through Mstislavl, the messenger galloped to Smolensk, which, apparently, stands on the Dnieper. You could spend the spring here, following the flow of the Dnieper for the entire hour, otherwise you would have had the chance to stay in the dose for many more days, since the river would form many loops in its flow.

From Smolensk it was possible to drive to Murom in the same way as now passing the Minsk Highway. Ale todi, on the cob XI century. This road has not yet opened; it began a century and a half later. That's why the messenger went to the evening gathering at the Zubtsa on the Volz. The chronicle says that Glib also left the Volga. I finally hurt my leg in the river Temryavi (near today’s Kalinin). Our messenger came rushing here. Here you turn to the last exit and drive along the road, which resembles the current Leningrad Highway, to the ancient settlement of Lyalova. Farther on, making our way through the forests of the Lyalivka forests, we saw the Klyas and reached the place where Volodymyr now stands. The stars, having once again turned to the previous descent, arrived at the decline of Prince Glib, the place of Murom.

Messenger Preface the glory of having left Kiev for a little while in the year of the Grand Duke's spring. We ran all the way to Smolensk. The first one turned in the direction of the river at the bank of Velizh and then, by the rivers Zakhidnaya Dvina and Torope, arrived at the place of Toropets. Having quickly gone to the Kunya River, she and Lovat traveled to Veliky Novgorod.

It is impossible to say exactly how the messenger of Prince Yaroslav Volodimirovich arrived, since at that hour there were two routes from Novgorod to Pivnichno-Skhidnaya Russia. One, who arrived, - through Toropets - Shatri - Pagorb to Zubtsov. Another, shorter and more discoveries, passing through Valdai, Vishny Volochok and Torzhok. Farther, near Tver, the path of the Novgorod spring ran along the road that was the route from Kiev to Svyatopolk. Here, on the remaining route, the spring of Prince Yaroslav discovers that Murom does not have Gliba. How the messenger arrived is unknown. Perhaps you were informed about the prince’s departure to one of the foreign courtyards. Can't guess. Zagalom, regardless of those that Prince Glib quickly drove away, the messenger catching up with him at the tributary of the Dnieper and the Smyadina River.

Since most land roads passed along the banks of rivers and rivers, it is possible that the races were exposed to certain and other means of transportation by water. The Kiev princes bought horses from the Polovtsians. Russian histories of the 12th century. call the herd of princes Igor and Svyatoslav with 3000 herds and a thousand horses. However, according to the testimony of foreign authors of Mauritius and Lev Deacon, the Russians were filthy leaders and did not like to ride horses. Take note, they will fight the stench in marching order. This does not exclude the possibility that sometimes the springs gave precedence to a horseman, seen from an oak trunk.

The guilty horses were crossing the rivers, not where they would be tempted, but in the singing place. During the transportation, call for those who, having passed, took a tax for the prince’s bark - “mit”. The places where the rivers were broken were respected by a very visible right and the local residents tried not to waste the transportation from their own hands. As the princes, for various reasons, transferred the crossing to another place, then the old carriers also crossed there. This is confirmed by the grant of the Uglik prince Andrey Vasilyovich the Great to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery 1467–1474. She remembers that it was transported across the Mologa River near the village of Priseki (“and... the lives of Mologa are transported under Priseki”). The prince ordered the control of the crossing near Gorodets, and it was allowed for the peasants of the village to transport their flesh (“and the village peasants near Gorodetsky on Moloz to wash their flesh during the transportation”).

Stand between the main Russian places for days, the route from a long time ago was definitely visible. Mandrivnik al-Idrisi in the book “Rozvaga stolennogo in Mandrivtsi by region”, writing: “From Kuyabi to Arsi, and from Arsi to Glory, these days,” here the Arabic names of the place are Kuyaba, Arsa, and the Glory of the Ages. They give to the Russians Kiev, Smolensk and Novgorod. This is how the chronicler and the mandravnik met - it was a 7-8 day trek to Novgorod from Kiev.

Let's point our butts to testify, in advance, about the less satisfying ways of the roads of ancient Russia. In the XI-XIII centuries. The largest places of the Kiev state were connected by reliable roads, which could be easily traveled both in the summer sun and in the autumn roadlessness. At the same time, there was a system of maintaining the order of roads, supplying everything necessary. This system is poviz.

Drag (based on the little one of the Swedish geographer Olaf Magnus)

Rus' in the IX-XII century.

The first page of “Tales of Past Years” and a fragment of text from this book

Collecting tribute (from a painting by N. Roerich)

Overseas guests (from a painting by M. Roerich)

Pennies of Kievan Rus X–XI centuries. Zlatnik and sribnik of Volodymyr I

Messenger. Standing side by side (from a painting by M. Roerich)

“To carry the cart until this day...”

984 rub. Pishov Prince of Kiev Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich on Radimichi. The princely voivode Vovchy Khust of the river is located on Pishchana, there is also a small river near the current Mogilev region, and it changes. From that hour onwards “to pay tribute to Russia, to transport the goods until this day.”

The collection of tribute from the movements of the peoples was one of the forms of subordination of their central power. Every winter, when the leaves began to ring, the Russian princes with their squads went out from Kiev to the public. The prince went around his village, completing the ships that had been taken away before his arrival, taking the gifts that enriched his treasury. With this view, the order of ties between the tribes was even weaker: the tribes still lived, as before, in special canopies, serving their elders or princes, who judged and ruled, and also collecting tribute from their fellow tribesmen in for the Grand Duke. It is very important for the binding of tribes and for bonding the binding of the skin tribe with the burning center of the obligatory transport of carts - obov'yazok, after which tribe they themselves were guilty of delivering tribute to the singer to the prince of the place.

Otherwise, the delivery of the money was subject to only one of the two sides of the duty.

Sylvester's chronicle, which speaks of the Shepherd's Tail, which was rooted by the Radimich voivode, was written in the Kiev Vidubetsky monastery from the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 12th century, if under the word carriage there is no misunderstanding ib delivery of tribute. At this time, they called carts the means of transferring horses, as they were in the possession of the prince himself. Chronicles confirming this can be found in the middle of the 12th century: this is a story about the trip of the Grand Duke of Suzdal Yuri Dolgoruky to his old friend Prince of Rila Svyatoslav Olgovich. Svyatoslav received Yuri with honor, seeing him off, “giving him a ride.” It is possible that carts were common in Russia even before the radicalization of the Radimichs.

Sylvester's chronicle for 947 rubles. tells about the campaign of Volodymyr’s grandmother, Princess Olga: “Volga went to Novgorod, and placed news and tributes according to Mestia, and taxes and tributes according to Luza; and the traps are all over the earth; banners and places, and news, and sleighs stand in Pleskov (Pskov) to this day, and along the Dnieper and along the Desna." This chronicle is not entirely clear for investigation, moreover, in the list of lists the word “news” is replaced by graveyard or tsvintari. To show respect, according to the river Luza (Luzia), Olga established two types of duties: quitrent and tribute, and on Mstya - only one tribute. Due to the logic of the speeches, the same duty may be imposed on the people who lived on the banks of the Msta. You can figure out what it looks like by looking at the geographical map: I passed the ancient route from Veliky Novgorod to the Volga. Therefore, it is not enough for the population of these places to supply oars and drag princes’ and merchants’ chapels (news of carts). From later chronicles one can recognize that in the 11th century. Veslyars and chovnyars were called podvods. The assumption that Olga installed carts and tributes along Msta is also justified by the fact that this lesson informs about the improvement of Olga’s nobles, about the construction of bridges (change) across the Dnieper and Desna.

The crown of the cart falls into the Byzantine Empire. In their own way, methods of fast delivery of goods and goods came to Byzantium from Rome, a state with a well-developed postal system.

The service to Ancient Rome first began to form orderly forms at the border of two eras - the old and the new. Alongside the routes that the races had plied until that hour, they were merged into a hidden boundary, which took away the name cursus publicus. Only the emperor and other state officials were corrupted by mail. The great settlements and shopping centers had backyards where mandarin workers could spend the night and where delivery horses and carriages stood ready. The influx of Visigoths impoverished the Roman post. However, in the lower regions, created on the streets of the Roman Empire, already in the 5th–6th centuries. The old link service is being renewed. It became common in Byzantium, and the post office gradually expanded. Having conquered new lands, the Byzantines forced the population to control the post. So, after the burial of Bulgaria at 1018–1020 pp. Emperor Vasily II ordered the villagers of the rooted region to maintain roads and bridges in order, transport goods and springs.

Princess Olga, who visited Byzantium more than once and received the emperors, could be familiar with the mail, having lived in the empire. Behind the Byzantine symbol, Olga could introduce the Swedish system for the delivery of gins to Russia, and for whose needs, in the first place, there are good roads. During the campaign, the princess took care of their creations and took care of the lands of the Kiev state.

The Russian princes, like the Cheruvians after Olga, were tied by disputed ties with the imperial Macedonian dynasty that reigned under Byzantium. Zokrema, Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich became friends with Vasil II’s sister Anna. Therefore, the Kiev princes could not help but know about the Byzantine system of water-based delivery of gins.

The word itself poviz Although it is rarely mentioned in chronicles, it is possible to find plenty of information about the stagnation of this system.

Shortly before his death, preparing for the campaign against Veliky Novgorod in 1014, Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich ordered: “Clear the roads and pave the bridges.” The Viconati order was obviously limited by the population.

Diverging on long campaigns, the prince and his squad rode without anything, all the important equipment was carried behind them in a wagon train, or they were pushed forward on carts. In order to catch up with the Swedish leaders, the carts required a constant change of horses. Replacing tired horses with fresh ones fell on the shoulders of the population. Here's one more connection.

In one of the first ancient laws of “Russian Pravda” already in 1016 r. there was a special article about taxes for local bridges: “And the axis of the tax established for local bridges: if you find a place, then take a leg and remove the skin from the bridge; If you liked the number of boards - 3, 4 and 5, then take the boards." The distribution of taxes was carried out among the excess population.

May after two hundred years, in 1209 rubles, the various editions of “Ruska Pravda” presented a new message for bridge workers: “And for the bridge bridge (trace) to ride with a youth on two horses, (to which give) 4 tzibuls per day week and year (Mistnik) to finish." It was the villagers who had to bear the burden of feeding the workers and giving them horses.

Why didn’t you transport any advances before transporting the springs? Perhaps Ancient Russia has found some other way of transferring information to the rebels?

Let's go back to the first treaty that reached us between Veliky Novgorod and Tver Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavovich. Vaughn is dated 1266 rubles. The document specifically addresses the travel of princely messengers through the Novgorod lands: “And your nobles in the village have no mothers of carts from merchants, that’s true. So, Prince Gentleman, it went like my grandfather and like my father, like yours and like ours.”

"Negotiations of Princess Olga with the Byzantine Emperor" (miniature from Skylitsa's "Chronicles")

In whose text everything became clear, besides some long-forgotten word mother Vono means: brothers, tighten. “Ratna zvіstka” is a reminder of the military character, a signal of terminology, a supernatural one that does not tolerate abuse. Lyudina, who brought such a message, let me fall asleep, there is little advantage in front of the passers-by. Once upon a time, we are recognized in the Novgorod Volodynia, brothers without prejudice, as many horses as each of the villages that lay on his path.

What's wrong with that?

This is a system for the delivery of goods and springs, for which leather, which is of great importance, can be obtained in any place or village of the princely state of horses, transporting and other means of transfer. Lyudina, who is vindicating herself with such a right, is obviously a small sign, because the prince is a literate person, of his own kind.

Let us bear in mind that such signs were already in place in the 10th century. The eminent Russian historian A.D. Chortkov, in his book about the wars of Svyatoslav Igorovich, remembers the warriors with red shields, whom the prince sent with various signals. However, not every warrior with a red shield is necessarily a warrior. The red color, bright and resistant, was widely used in ancient times, and many warriors wore scarlet shields.

The most powerful carts did not stop at the borders of one specific principality. The rivalry between the Russian princes became even stronger. The young princes did not give the eldest any deep care and humility, until the first call came. In the chronicles we find a number of examples of the forces of the princes from prince to prince with military assistance. This was the case in the other half of the 12th century. Grand Duke Rostislav “ambassador... to his brothers and to his sons, ordering them to buy all their regiments from themselves.”

Kiev sribna hryvnia XI century.

Many fates before this, during one hour of the internecine wars, Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich from Karachov “Ambassador Kozelsk to Svyatoslav Streev, rik: “Izyaslav Ti Mstislavich pishov to Kiev, and Davidovich to Smolen I want to talk about you like this Rostislav.” In this chronicle, the nephew precedes the uncle of “Svyatoslav the Elder” about the danger that threatens him, on the side of the princes from the Davidovich family: “Izyaslav Mstislavovich pishov to Kiev, and the Davidovichs from Rostislav Smolensky want to go to to you."

Carts began to develop from the end of the 10th century. And already, after a century, they converted to a well-designed system of natural service for cross-border people. It covered the transportation of vantages, the sending of letters, the journeys of princes to each other. The burden of hauling carts with a heavy tractor was imposed on the population, forcing them to take their jobs. It was noticed that the underwater conscription itself became the cause of people’s thefts.

The Suzdal chronicle, dated 1209, tells about the uprising of the Novgorodians. The townspeople voted against the mayor Dmitry, accusing him of having punished the brothers from the Novgorodians to extract the pledges, and in the volosts they ordered the merchants to pay the wild tax and transport carts. They stood up and burned Dmitr's little house, and with the Volodymyr Grand Duke Vsevolod the Great Nest they made an agreement about the inviolability of the Novgorod liberties. This document has not reached us, but it is possible that it included rules for the passage of princely troops, similar to those that we considered in the agreement of 1266 rubles. Before the speech, Yaroslav Tversky was Vsevolod’s grandson, so the formula “it went wrong” may not be more than a formula of prescription, as was promised in the treaty.

Swedish gintsi

Perhaps, you gained respect for the constant use of terms messenger, messenger. Sometimes the chronicles don’t call those who are strong that way. Chroniclers call to write: having sent a message, they sent a message or tell a message came, There is no way to indicate who brought the sign. This form of information about the leafing here reinforces the everyday life of this object in Ancient Russia. We also often say: “the leaf has arrived”, nizh – “the post office delivered the leaf”.

Sometimes the words in chronicle texts become jumbled messengerі vesnik, I want to stay with something else that is important. It’s easy to understand if the stench appears in the Russian language.

The word “messenger”, which is close to us, is first heard under the doom of 986 in the chronicle “The Greek philosopher’s motto about faith.” It says: “Isaiah says: “Neither an ambassador, nor a messenger, but the Lord himself, having come, lies to us.” You, perhaps, have gained respect that the chronicler differentiates the concept: the ambassador and the messenger, like different categories of people who convey letters, letters, letters.

The chronicler wrote the word “news” earlier, 866 rubles. Then the Kiev princes Askold and Dir attacked the Greek king Michael. “I eparch (ruler of the city) sent my message: Rus' will go to Tsargorod.”

When was the word Ghanaian born?

Zvernemosya up to 1093 r. Rozpov’s chronicler: the Polovtsians came to Kiev and surrounded the town of Torchesk. Then the residents sent to tell Prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (in the text - “ambassador to Svyatopolk”): “If you don’t send bread, then I’ll give up.” This is how all the chronicles are described, except for one - the Chronicler of Pereslavl of Suzdal. In just one word the record of the Pereslavl Chronicler’s life is revealed: “the ambassador of the Gents to Svyatopolk.” So for the first time in the Russian chronicles of fortune-telling there was a messenger. M. A. Obolensky, the first chronicler of Pereslavl of Suzdal, dates his creation to 1214-1219. Later descendants respect that the beginning of the writings in the XIV - on the beginning of the XV century. Once we accept this assumption, it becomes clear that the chronicler, due to the inertia of writing the text, is more important for the current word. From the middle of the XIV century. the word “messenger” appears more often on the sides of manuscripts. In the Volodymyr Chronicle, near the end of 1348, it is read: “And they fell upon their death from the Horde.” Here we talk about the Gents, whom Khan Edigei gave him with a letter. It is possible that the word “messenger” was born at the end of the 12th century - at the beginning of the 13th century, when the expression “drive the wagon” appeared in Russian language - drive at full speed, speedily.

The elders and the villagers were sent both with knowledge and literacy. For the old days there was a word by which those who were able to do so were called in writing: “Gramatonosets” (gramatonosets). It appears at the monument to the ancient Russian translated literature “History of the Judean War” by Josephus Flavius. The translation of the book was completed in the first half of the 11th century, more precisely, according to the idea of ​​the greatest expert in ancient Slavic writing, E. V. Barsova, 1037 rub.

Gramatonost - tracing paper of the Greek word “